{"id":3009,"date":"2016-04-28T21:54:39","date_gmt":"2016-04-29T02:54:39","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/wp.stolaf.edu\/chemical-hygiene\/?page_id=3009"},"modified":"2025-10-14T13:08:36","modified_gmt":"2025-10-14T18:08:36","slug":"biological-spills-decontamination-clean-up","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/wp.stolaf.edu\/chemical-hygiene\/biological-spills-decontamination-clean-up\/","title":{"rendered":"Biological Exposure or Spills: Response, Decontamination &amp; Clean-up"},"content":{"rendered":"<div data-modular-content-collection><p style=\"text-align: center;\">(this information has been adopted\u00a0and modified from the <a href=\"http:\/\/dehs.umn.edu\/bio_basicfacts_mt.htm#aer\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">University of Minnesota\u2019s website<\/a>)<\/p>\n<p><br class=\"none\" \/><span class=\"collapseomatic arrowleft\" id=\"id69e4d20797fed\"  tabindex=\"0\" title=\"&lt;strong&gt;HOW TO RESPOND TO AN ACCIDENTAL EXPOSURE:&lt;\/strong&gt;\"    ><strong>HOW TO RESPOND TO AN ACCIDENTAL EXPOSURE:<\/strong><\/span><div id=\"target-id69e4d20797fed\" class=\"collapseomatic_content \">\n<p class=\"p1\">Specific instructions on what to do following an accidental splash or splatter to facial mucous membranes, punctures with contaminated sharps, and exposure to biohazardous aerosols must be provided\/listed in in the Standard Operating Procedures, and must\u00a0be available in the laboratory for continuous access.<\/p>\n<p>If an incident results in a bloodborne or other biohazards exposure (infectious agents, rDNA, biological toxins, etc), by a needle-stick or other exposure (i.e. face and\/or eye splash, cut or puncture with sharps, contact with non-intact skin, animal bites or scratches):<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Clean It: \u00a0<\/strong>For skin exposure, immediately remove contaminated clothing and wash area with soap and water for 15 minutes; encourage needle sticks and cuts to bleed. \u00a0For eye exposure, flush the eye with water for 15 minutes at an eyewash station or sink.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Treat It:<\/strong>\u00a0 For Risk Group (RG) 1 infectious agents it is necessary to seek medical attention (Northfield Hospital; Allina Clinic) within 1-2 hours so that treatment is instituted within a timeframe that increases effectiveness. \u00a0If overtly exposed to recombinant or synthetic nucleic acid molecules or Risk Group (RG) 2 infectious agents seek immediate medical attention.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Report It:<\/strong>\u00a0 Report all exposures to the Chemical Hygiene Officer.\n<ul>\n<li>Fill\u00a0out the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/wp.stolaf.edu\/hr\/files\/2012\/12\/FirstReportofInjury.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">First Report of Injury Form<\/a>\u00a0and\u00a0submit it to the Chemical Hygiene Officer, who will then forward it to Human Resources.<\/li>\n<li>Any accident involving recombinant DNA must be reported to the IBC office within 24 hours to meet institutional requirements prescribed by the <em><a href=\"http:\/\/oba.od.nih.gov\/rdna\/nih_guidelines_oba.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">NIH <\/a><\/em><a href=\"http:\/\/oba.od.nih.gov\/rdna\/nih_guidelines_oba.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><em>Guidelines for Research Involving Recombinant DNA Molecules<\/em><\/a><em>.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b>Note<\/b>: It is important to fill out all of the appropriate documents to be eligible to collect workers compensation should any complications from the hazardous exposure arise.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p><br class=\"none\" \/><span class=\"collapseomatic arrowleft\" id=\"id69e4d207980d2\"  tabindex=\"0\" title=\"&lt;strong&gt;BEFORE WORK WITH BIOLOGICALS BEGINS:&lt;\/strong&gt;\"    ><strong>BEFORE WORK WITH BIOLOGICALS BEGINS:<\/strong><\/span><div id=\"target-id69e4d207980d2\" class=\"collapseomatic_content \">\n<p>All workers handling biohazards must know what to do in an emergency\/spill before they begin work.<\/p>\n<p>Acceptable levels of decontamination, along with methods used to decontaminate, should be determined\u00a0<strong>before\u00a0<\/strong>work is begun and should be included in the lab\u2019s Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs).<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Note: All rDNA containing waste, including Biosafety Level 1 material, must be decontaminated prior to disposal or disposed of as biohazard waste before being released from the laboratory.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>See attached <a href=\"https:\/\/wp.stolaf.edu\/chemical-hygiene\/files\/2015\/08\/BiologicalDecontaminationTemplate.doc\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Decontamination and Spill Clean-up Template<\/a>. It can be used in writing lab specific SOPs. This template must be customized for each lab.<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<hr \/>\n<span class=\"collapseomatic arrowleft\" id=\"id69e4d20798120\"  tabindex=\"0\" title=\"&lt;strong&gt;Decontamination: Definitions&lt;\/strong&gt;\"    ><strong>Decontamination: Definitions<\/strong><\/span><div id=\"target-id69e4d20798120\" class=\"collapseomatic_content \">\n<p><strong>Decontamination<\/strong> is any process that reduces biohazardous material (infectious agents, rDNA material, human material, biological toxins, etc) to an acceptable level, one that is below the level necessary to cause disease. \u00a0Acceptable levels will depend on the biohazardous material in question and the type of work being done.<\/p>\n<p><b>Sanitizing<\/b> \u2013 reduces the number of microbes to a safe level.<br \/>\n<b>Antiseptics<\/b> \u2013 destroy microorganisms on living tissue.<br \/>\n<b>Disinfectants<\/b> \u2013 destroy microorganisms on inanimate objects.<br \/>\n<b>Sterilization<\/b> \u2013 kills all microbes.<\/p>\n<\/div><br class=\"none\" \/><span class=\"collapseomatic arrowleft\" id=\"id69e4d20798163\"  tabindex=\"0\" title=\"&lt;strong&gt;Chart: Microbial Resistance to Chemical Disinfectants&lt;\/strong&gt;\"    ><strong>Chart: Microbial Resistance to Chemical Disinfectants<\/strong><\/span><div id=\"target-id69e4d20798163\" class=\"collapseomatic_content \">\n<table border=\"0\" width=\"838\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"center\" width=\"19%\"><b>More Resistant<\/b><\/td>\n<td align=\"center\" width=\"32%\"><b>Microorganisms<\/b><\/td>\n<td align=\"center\" width=\"49%\"><b>Examples<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"12\" align=\"center\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/dehs.umn.edu\/images\/arrow.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"29\" height=\"200\" border=\"0\" \/><\/td>\n<td>Prions<\/td>\n<td>BSE, vCJD, Scrapie<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Bacterial Spores<\/td>\n<td>Bacillus, Geobacillus, Clostridium sp.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Protozoan Oocytes<\/td>\n<td>Cryptosporidium<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Helminth Eggs<\/td>\n<td>Ascaris, Enterobius<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Mycobacteria<\/td>\n<td><i>M. tuberculosis<\/i><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Small non-enveloped viruses<\/td>\n<td>Poliovirus, Parvoviruses, Papillomaviruses<i><br \/>\n<\/i><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Protozoan Cysts<\/td>\n<td>Giardia, Acathomoeba<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Fungal Spores<\/td>\n<td>Aspergillus, Penicillium<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Gram-negative Bacteria<\/td>\n<td>E. coli, Salmonella spp.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Vegetative Fungi &amp; Algae<\/td>\n<td>Candida, Chlamydomonas<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Vegetative Helminths &amp; Protozoa<\/td>\n<td>Ascaris, Cryptosporidium, Giardia<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Large non-enveloped viruses<\/td>\n<td>Adenoviruses, Rotaviruses<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"center\"><\/td>\n<td>Gram-positive Bacteria<\/td>\n<td>Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Enterococcus<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>Less Resistant<\/b><\/td>\n<td>Enveloped viruses<\/td>\n<td>HIV, Hepatitis B, Herpes Simplex Virus<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/div><br class=\"none\" \/><span class=\"collapseomatic arrowleft\" id=\"id69e4d207981a3\"  tabindex=\"0\" title=\"&lt;strong&gt;Common Types of Disinfectants: Their Advantages &amp; Disadvantages&lt;\/strong&gt;\"    ><strong>Common Types of Disinfectants: Their Advantages &amp; Disadvantages<\/strong><\/span><div id=\"target-id69e4d207981a3\" class=\"collapseomatic_content \">\n<p>The following two tables provide general information only. \u00a0Phenolics and Quats are available in many formulations with different properties. \u00a0Follow the manufacturer\u2019s recommendations for use.<\/p>\n<table border=\"1\" width=\"839\" cellspacing=\"0\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"center\"><b>Type<\/b><\/td>\n<td align=\"center\"><b>Tips for Use<\/b><\/td>\n<td align=\"center\"><b>Advantages<\/b><\/td>\n<td align=\"center\"><b>Disadvantages<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" height=\"210\"><strong>Chlorine Compounds<\/strong><\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\">\u2013 Dilute household bleach 1:9 (v\/v) solution of household bleach (10% bleach solution); make fresh monthly<br \/>\n\u2013 Store diluted solutions in sealed container that is protected from light.<br \/>\n\u2013 For spill cleanup and to wipe down work surfaces<br \/>\n\u2013 FINAL concentration of 10% bleach used for liquid infectious waste<br \/>\n\u2013 Fisher Scientific supplies Fisherbrand* Bleach Solution Dispenser. It is a unique, two-bottle design and fixed-ratio trigger sprayer automatically mixes concentrated bleach with tap water. Cat. No. 23-640-127<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\">\u2013 Relatively nontoxic<br \/>\n\u2013 Low cost<br \/>\n\u2013 Effective with detergents<br \/>\n\u2013 Fast acting<br \/>\n\u2013 Broad spectrum effectiveness<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\">\u2013 Inactivated by organic material such as blood<br \/>\n\u2013 Do not use at less than 1:9 (v\/v) dilution<br \/>\n\u2013 Strong oxidizer; corrosive<br \/>\n\u2013 Irritates mucus membranes, eyes, skin<br \/>\n\u2013 No residual activity on surfaces<br \/>\n\u2013 Can damage clothing<br \/>\n\u2013 Incompatible with quats<br \/>\n\u2013 Produces toxic chlorine gas if mixed with acids or ammonia compounds<br \/>\n\u2013 Can\u2019t be used to disinfect radioactive iodine.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\"><strong>Alcohols<\/strong><\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\">\u2013 Dilute to 70% in water, (loses effectiveness at concentrations above 90%)<br \/>\n\u2013 Use to clean instruments and wipe down interior of Biological Safety Cabinets<br \/>\n\u2013 Use as topical antiseptic on intact skin<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\">\u2013 Non-corrosive<br \/>\n\u2013 Effective with detergent<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\">\u2013 Can have reduced effectiveness in organic material, does not penetrate organic material<br \/>\n\u2013 Flammable<br \/>\n\u2013 No residual activity and limited effective exposure time due to high rate of evaporation<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\"><strong>Phenolics<\/strong><\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\">\u2013 \u00a0Dilute according to manufacturer\u2019s instructions<br \/>\n\u2013 \u00a0Commonly used to clean walls, floors, etc<br \/>\n\u2013 Useful in areas where organic matter cannot always be removed, such as animal areas<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\">\u2013 Good effectiveness in organic material<br \/>\n\u2013 Effective with detergent<br \/>\n\u2013 Has some residual effectiveness<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\">\u2013 Toxicity varies with specific compound, can be absorbed through skin<br \/>\n\u2013 Some formulations may have unpleasant odor<br \/>\n\u2013 Corrosive<br \/>\n\u2013 Skin irritant<br \/>\n\u2013 Not effective against spores<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\"><strong>QUATS <\/strong>Quaternary Ammonium Compounds (cationic detergents)<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\">\u2013 Dilute according to manufacturer\u2019s instructions<br \/>\n\u2013 Surfaces must be rinsed free of anionic soap or detergents before use<br \/>\n\u2013 Commonly used to clean walls, floors, etc<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\">\u2013 Strong surface activity<br \/>\n\u2013 Low toxicity<br \/>\n\u2013 Non-corrosive<br \/>\n\u2013 Effective over wide pH range<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\">\u2013 Easily inactivated by organic materials, anionic detergents, and salts of metals in water (hard water)<br \/>\n\u2013 Skin irritant<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/div><br class=\"none\" \/><span class=\"collapseomatic arrowleft\" id=\"id69e4d207981e7\"  tabindex=\"0\" title=\"&lt;strong&gt;Disinfectant Selection&lt;\/strong&gt;\"    ><strong>Disinfectant Selection<\/strong><\/span><div id=\"target-id69e4d207981e7\" class=\"collapseomatic_content \">\n<p>This Table\u00a0deals with liquid chemicals used for routine decontamination and spill cleanup.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>In order to select the proper decontamination procedure one must consider many factors including; the biohazard\u2019s concentration and resistance to disinfectants, chemical compatibility with other materials present, surface being decontaminated, and hazards to humans and the environment associated with the disinfectant.<\/li>\n<li>Ineffective decontamination can provide a false sense of security and spread disease.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<table border=\"1\" width=\"838\" cellspacing=\"0\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\" valign=\"top\"><\/td>\n<td align=\"left\" valign=\"top\">\n<div align=\"center\"><b>Chlorine Compounds<\/b><\/div>\n<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\" valign=\"top\">\n<div align=\"center\"><b>Alcohols<\/b><\/div>\n<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\" valign=\"top\">\n<div align=\"center\"><b>Phenolics<\/b><\/div>\n<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\" valign=\"top\">\n<div align=\"center\"><b>Quats<\/b><\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\" valign=\"top\"><b>Bacteria<\/b><\/td>\n<td align=\"left\" valign=\"top\">Very good<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\" valign=\"top\">Good<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\" valign=\"top\">Good<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\" valign=\"top\">Good for gram positive<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\" valign=\"top\"><b>Envelope<br \/>\nViruses<\/b><\/td>\n<td align=\"left\" valign=\"top\">Very good<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\" valign=\"top\">Good<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\" valign=\"top\">Good<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\" valign=\"top\">Good<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\" valign=\"top\"><b>Non-envelope<br \/>\nViruses<\/b><\/td>\n<td align=\"left\" valign=\"top\">Very good<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\" valign=\"top\">Fair**<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\" valign=\"top\">Fair**<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\" valign=\"top\">Not effective<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\" valign=\"top\"><b>Fungi<\/b><\/td>\n<td align=\"left\" valign=\"top\">Good<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\" valign=\"top\">Fair<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\" valign=\"top\">Good<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\" valign=\"top\">Fair<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\" valign=\"top\"><b>Bacterial<br \/>\nSpores<\/b><\/td>\n<td align=\"left\" valign=\"top\">Good with high concentration<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\" valign=\"top\">Not<br \/>\nEffective<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\" valign=\"top\">Not<br \/>\nEffective<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\" valign=\"top\">Not<br \/>\nEffective<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\" valign=\"top\"><b>Protozoal<br \/>\nParasites*<\/b><\/td>\n<td align=\"left\" valign=\"top\">Moderate with high concentration and long contact time (hours)<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\" valign=\"top\">Not<br \/>\nEffective<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\" valign=\"top\">Not<br \/>\nEffective<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\" valign=\"top\">Fair (some quats at high concentration)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><b>* hydrogen peroxide most effective<br \/>\n** check disinfectant susceptibility for individual virus<\/b><\/p>\n<\/div><br class=\"none\" \/><span class=\"collapseomatic arrowleft\" id=\"id69e4d20798224\"  tabindex=\"0\" title=\"&lt;strong&gt;Decontamination Procedures&lt;\/strong&gt;\"    ><strong>Decontamination Procedures<\/strong><\/span><div id=\"target-id69e4d20798224\" class=\"collapseomatic_content \">\n<ul>\n<li><b>Materials to keep on hand for spill cleanup<\/b>\n<ul>\n<li>Written spill procedure including emergency phone numbers<\/li>\n<li>Disinfectant suitable for biological materials and surfaces being used<\/li>\n<li>Paper towels, gloves, shoe covers, and safety goggles<\/li>\n<li>Forceps to pick up sharps, including broken glass<\/li>\n<li>Squeegee (or other appropriate device) and dustpan to clean up shards of broken glass in contaminated liquid, should be autoclavable or otherwise capable of being decontaminated<\/li>\n<li>Biohazard bags (red bags for pick-up or autoclave clear bags for 60 minutes at 121\u00b0C)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>General Spill Cleanup Procedures<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>If the spill may involve an infectious aerosol, instruct all occupants to leave the room for 30 minutes to allow aerosols to settle. \u00a0Aerosols can form if material is dropped. \u00a0Place a sign on the door warning staff not to enter the room due to a spill.<\/li>\n<li>Remove contaminated lab coat or clothing and wash exposed skin.<\/li>\n<li>Put on clean gloves and lab coat.<\/li>\n<li>Prepare enough volume of a 1:10 dilution of chlorine bleach or other approved disinfectant to saturate the contaminated area.<\/li>\n<li>Contain the spill with paper towels or other absorbent material such as bench liners.<\/li>\n<li>Flood the spill area with disinfectant.<\/li>\n<li>Allow 30 minutes of contact time.<\/li>\n<li>Push the absorbent material at the edge of the spill into the spill&#8217;s center. \u00a0Add more paper towels as needed.<\/li>\n<li>If broken glass or sharps are present, use tongs or forceps and a dustpan to remove pieces and place into a sharps container.<\/li>\n<li>Discard the contaminated paper towels into the proper waste container.<\/li>\n<li>Using clean paper towels and a disinfectant, wipe all surfaces that may have come in contact with the spilled material.<\/li>\n<li>Discard contaminated gloves into the proper waste container.<\/li>\n<li>Wash hands thoroughly.<\/li>\n<li>Autoclave overtly contaminated lab coats prior to placing into laboratory laundry bag.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><br class=\"none\" \/><span class=\"collapseomatic arrowleft\" id=\"id69e4d2079825f\"  tabindex=\"0\" title=\"&lt;strong&gt;References&lt;\/strong&gt;\"    ><strong>References<\/strong><\/span><div id=\"target-id69e4d2079825f\" class=\"collapseomatic_content \">\n<ul>\n<li><i><a href=\"https:\/\/www.epa.gov\/pesticide-registration\/selected-epa-registered-disinfectants\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Selected EPA-Registered Disinfectants.<\/a> \u00a0These antimicrobial products are effective against certain blood borne\/body fluid pathogens, Mycobacteria spp (tubercle bacteria), human HIV-1 virus, Hepatitis B or Hepatitis C virus as well as products classified as sterilizers and products used for medical wastes: https:\/\/www.epa.gov\/pesticide-registration\/selected-epa-registered-disinfectants<\/i><\/li>\n<li><i>Disinfection, Sterilization, and Preservation<\/i> edited by Seymour S. Block, Lippincott Williams &amp; Wilkins, Philadelphia, 2001<\/li>\n<li>APIC (Association for Professionals in Infection Control and Epidemiology) &#8220;Guidelines for Selection and Use of Disinfectants&#8221; reprint from American Journal of Infection Control:\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.premierinc.com\/quality-safety\/tools-services\/safety\/topics\/guidelines\/downloads\/16_gddisinfAJIC-96.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">http:\/\/www.premierinc.com\/quality-safety\/tools-services\/safety\/topics\/guidelines\/downloads\/16_gddisinfAJIC-96.pdf<\/a><\/li>\n<li>For information on &#8220;FDA-Cleared Sterilants and High Level Disinfectants with General Claims for Processing Reusable Medical and Dental Devices&#8221; published in November 2003:\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.fda.gov\/MedicalDevices\/DeviceRegulationandGuidance\/ReprocessingofSingle-UseDevices\/UCM133514\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">http:\/\/www.fda.gov\/MedicalDevices\/DeviceRegulationandGuidance\/ReprocessingofSingle-UseDevices\/UCM133514<\/a><\/li>\n<li><i>Biological Safety Principles<\/i> <em>and Practices<\/em> edited by Diane Fleming &amp; Debra Hunt, ASM Press, Washington DC, 2000<\/li>\n<li>CDC\/NIH <a href=\"http:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/biosafety\/publications\/bmbl5\/index.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories, 5th edition<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/oba.od.nih.gov\/rdna\/nih_guidelines_oba.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">NIH Guidelines for Research Involving Recombinant DNA Molecules<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><\/div><em><strong><br \/>\n<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n<p><!-- begin-migrated-from-panel-builder --><!-- end-migrated-from-panel-builder --><\/p>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>(this information has been adopted\u00a0and modified from the University of Minnesota\u2019s website)<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":156,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-3009","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":[],"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/wp.stolaf.edu\/chemical-hygiene\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/3009","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/wp.stolaf.edu\/chemical-hygiene\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/wp.stolaf.edu\/chemical-hygiene\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/wp.stolaf.edu\/chemical-hygiene\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/156"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/wp.stolaf.edu\/chemical-hygiene\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3009"}],"version-history":[{"count":27,"href":"https:\/\/wp.stolaf.edu\/chemical-hygiene\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/3009\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":5946,"href":"https:\/\/wp.stolaf.edu\/chemical-hygiene\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/3009\/revisions\/5946"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/wp.stolaf.edu\/chemical-hygiene\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3009"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}