{"id":5524,"date":"2025-11-18T19:01:18","date_gmt":"2025-11-19T01:01:18","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/wp.stolaf.edu\/naturallands\/?page_id=5524"},"modified":"2025-11-18T19:03:05","modified_gmt":"2025-11-19T01:03:05","slug":"poisonous-berries-of-minnesota","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/wp.stolaf.edu\/naturallands\/poisonous-berries-of-minnesota\/","title":{"rendered":"Poisonous Berries of Minnesota🫐"},"content":{"rendered":"
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What could epitomize a quaint summer day better than berry-picking in the country? For those Midwesterners who participate in such foraging, however, do take caution\u2014or you may not be able to taste a berry again. Use the guide below to keep you and you friends, students, children, grandchildren, etc. safe.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Poisonous Berries <\/strong>(click to expand)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

+Bittersweet (American and Round-leaf)<\/summary>
\n
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Left: American Bittersweet Right: Round-leaf Bittersweet<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Latin Names:<\/strong> Celastrus scandens<\/em> and Celastrus orbiculatus<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Habitat: <\/strong>Partially shaded or sunny woodland edges, fields, and thickets<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Identifying Features:<\/strong> Woody, twining vine with minutely toothy, glossy leaves that turn yellow in the fall; five-petaled white or green-yellow flowers; yellow-orange to red fruit<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Distinctions:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fruiting Season:<\/strong> Late summer through fall<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toxicity: <\/strong>Moderate<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Side Effects from Consumption: <\/strong>Gastrointestinal distress, vomiting, weakness<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Status: <\/strong>American Bittersweet is native, while Roundleaf Bittersweet is a noxious prohibited invasive<\/p>\n<\/details>\n\n\n\n

+Bittersweet Nightshade<\/summary>
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\"\"<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n

Latin Name:<\/strong> Solanum dulcamara<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Look-alike(s):<\/strong> Highbush cranberry<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Habitat:<\/strong> Creeks, wetlands, field edges, roadsides, shaded woods<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Identifying Features:<\/strong> Bright, star-shaped purple flowers; glossy red egg-shaped berries; cordate leaves<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fruiting Season:<\/strong> Fall<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toxicity:<\/strong> Moderately high<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Side Effects from Consumption:<\/strong> Decreased heart rate, muscle weakness, diarrhea, paralysis, vomiting, extreme thirst, dilated pupils, loss of sensation, difficulty breathing<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Status:<\/strong> Invasive<\/p>\n<\/details>\n\n\n\n

+Canada Moonseed<\/summary>
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Latin Name:<\/strong> Menispermum canadense<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Look-alike(s):<\/strong> Wild Cucumber<\/a>, Riverbank Grape<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Habitat:<\/strong> Moist woods, thickets, streambanks<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Identifying Features:<\/strong> Quite viny; blue-black berries with white tinge; small, greenish-white flowers; single, crescent-shaped seed<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fruiting Season:<\/strong> September-October<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toxicity:<\/strong> High<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Side Effects from Consumption:<\/strong> Abdominal distress, diarrhea, vomiting, convulsions, kidney failure<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Status:<\/strong> Native<\/p>\n<\/details>\n\n\n\n

+Canada Yew<\/summary>
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\"\"<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Latin Name:<\/strong> Taxus canadensis<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Look-alike(s):<\/strong> None<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Habitat:<\/strong> Well-drained, base-rich soils; often found on steep, shady slopes, near bogs, and\/or in forests (also a common ornamental plant)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Identifying Features:<\/strong> Mid-sized shrub reaching 6 feet; flat, fir-like needles; rotund, fleshy, bright red \u201caril\u201d (seed covering) with an open end<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fruiting Season:<\/strong> Late August into fall<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toxicity:<\/strong> Very High<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Side Effects from Consumption:<\/strong> Confusion, muscular tremors, seizures, respiratory issues, irregular heart rate, coldness, cardiac arrest, death<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Status: <\/strong>Native<\/p>\n<\/details>\n\n\n\n

+Common Buckthorn<\/summary>\n

<\/p>\n\n\n

\n
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<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Latin Name:<\/strong> Rhamnus cathartica<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Look-alike(s):<\/strong> Prunus<\/em> species (see Invasives guide)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Habitat:<\/strong> Dry to moist settings in full shade to full sun; natural woods, fence rows, old fields, and degraded sites<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Identifying Features:<\/strong> Opposite, egg-shaped, dark green leaves with deep veins curved towards the tip; shiny, purple-black berries on short stalks; the tips of twigs form small, scaly two-pronged buds that look like deer hooves<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fruiting Season:<\/strong> Late summer through early fall<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toxicity:<\/strong> Moderate<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Side Effects from Consumption: <\/strong>Nausea, vomiting, increased salivation, weakness, bowel bleeding, liver damage<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Status: <\/strong>Invasive<\/p>\n<\/details>\n\n\n\n

+European Lily-of-the-Valley<\/summary>
\n
\"\"<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n

Latin Name:<\/strong> Convallaria majalis<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Look-alike(s):<\/strong> Wild Leeks<\/a> and Bluebead<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Habitat:<\/strong> Deciduous woods, floodplains, disturbed areas with moist soil; partial shade to full shade<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Identifying Features:<\/strong> Small, cherry-red drooping berries (6 to 12 mm), large leaves with multiple faint veins<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fruiting Season:<\/strong> Mid-summer through fall<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toxicity:<\/strong> High<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Side Effects from Consumption: <\/strong>Blurred vision, irregular heartbeat, diarrhea, gastrointestinal distress, nausea, vomiting, excessive urination, confusion, fainting, weakness; cardiac arrest; death<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Status: <\/strong>Invasive<\/p>\n<\/details>\n\n\n\n

+Hairy Nightshade<\/summary>
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\n
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Latin Name:<\/strong> Solanum physalifolium<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Look-alike(s)<\/strong>: Large False Ground Cherry<\/a> and Black Nightshade<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Habitat:<\/strong> Sunny, disturbed fields, roadsides, and waste areas with sandy soil<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Identifying Features:<\/strong> 1-3 feet high; snow-white, five-petaled flower with protruding yellow column of stamens; entire plant very sticky and hairy; leaves triangular with pointed apex; round, greenish-brown fruit with a large calyx enveloping nearly half of it<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fruiting Season:<\/strong> Fall<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toxicity:<\/strong> Moderate<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Side Effects from Consumption: <\/strong>Headache, vomiting, diarrhea, constipation<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Status: <\/strong>Invasive<\/p>\n<\/details>\n\n\n\n

+Jack-in-the-Pulpit<\/summary>
\n
\"\"<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n

Latin Name:<\/strong> Arisaema triphyllum<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Look-alike(s):<\/strong> Crow-dipper (Pinellia ternata<\/em>)<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Habitat:<\/strong> Shaded, moist, humus-rich woodlands in low areas<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Identifying Features:<\/strong> 1 to 3-foot tall plant with blood-red, upright cluster of berries beneath a hood-like sheath, the \u201cspathe\u201d, which folds over the upright green inflorescence (the \u201cspadix\u201d)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fruiting Season:<\/strong> Late summer through fall<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toxicity:<\/strong> Moderate<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Side Effects from Consumption: <\/strong>Blisters, swelling, and burning of the mouth, diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, increased salivation<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Status: <\/strong>Native<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Photo Credit: Olivia Hebblewhite<\/p>\n<\/details>\n\n\n\n

+Poison Sumac<\/summary>
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\"\"<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n
\n
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Latin Name:<\/strong> Toxicodendron vernix<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Look-alike(s):<\/strong> Smooth Sumac<\/a> and Staghorn Sumac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Habitat:<\/strong> Partial shade or sun; streambanks, swamps, bogs, lakeshores, and moist thickets with clay soil<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Identifying Features:<\/strong> Shrub 6-15 feet high; small, smooth, yellow-white berries drooping in clusters; oval-elliptic nearly opposite pinnate leaves in groups of 7-13 leaflets<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fruiting Season:<\/strong> Fall through winter<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toxicity:<\/strong> High<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Side Effects from Consumption: <\/strong>Nausea, vomiting, mouth or throat rash, severe respiratory issues<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Status: <\/strong>Native<\/p>\n<\/details>\n\n\n\n

+Red Baneberry<\/summary>
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Latin Name:<\/strong> Actaea rubra<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Look-alike(s):<\/strong> White Baneberry<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Habitat:<\/strong> Shaded coniferous, deciduous, or mixed forests with moist soil<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Identifying Features:<\/strong> Bright red berries (occasionally white) with a black dot; slender green berry stalks; bushes 3-5 feet tall; deeply lobed and coarsely toothed leaves with hairy underside; small white flowers<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fruiting Season:<\/strong> August through fall<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toxicity:<\/strong> Moderately high<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Side Effects from Consumption: <\/strong>Burning in throat and mouth, dizziness, gastrointestinal distress, headaches, diarrhea, delirium<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Status: <\/strong>Native<\/p>\n<\/details>\n\n\n\n

+Snowberry<\/summary>
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Latin Name:<\/strong> Symphoricarpos albus<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Look-alike(s):<\/strong> None<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Habitat:<\/strong> Open forests, sunny clearings, riverbanks, bluffs, and swampy thickets with moderately dry to moist clay soil<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Identifying Features:<\/strong> Smooth, dark green leaves; pinkish-purple flowers; plump bright white berries<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fruiting Season:<\/strong> August-September<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toxicity:<\/strong> Low to moderate<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Side Effects from Consumption: <\/strong>Vomiting, dizziness, lethargy<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Status: <\/strong>Native<\/p>\n<\/details>\n\n\n\n

+Virginia Creeper<\/summary>
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\"\"<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n

Latin Name:<\/strong> Parthenocissus quinquefolia<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Look-alike(s):<\/strong> Riverbank Grape<\/a> and Poison Ivy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Habitat:<\/strong> Old forests, clearings, fence rows, stream banks, and bluffs with moist, acidic soil<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Identifying Features:<\/strong> Trailing, woody vine; five palmately compound, toothy leaflets; small, firm purplish-black berries on red-pink stems<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fruiting Season:<\/strong> August-October<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toxicity:<\/strong> Moderately high<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Side Effects from Consumption: <\/strong>Mouth and throat rash and\/or swelling; increased salivation; nausea or vomiting; kidney damage<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Status: <\/strong>Native<\/p>\n<\/details>\n\n\n\n

+White Baneberry<\/summary>
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Latin Name:<\/strong> Actaea pachypoda<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Look-alike(s):<\/strong> Red Baneberry<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Habitat:<\/strong> Shaded, rich woodlands of loamy soil<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Identifying Features:<\/strong> White berries (occasionally red) with black dots; coarsely toothed leaves with hairless underside; thick green to pinkish-red berry stalks on low-growing bushes<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fruiting Season:<\/strong> August through fall<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toxicity:<\/strong> Moderately high<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Side Effects from Consumption: <\/strong>Burning in throat and mouth, dizziness, gastrointestinal distress, headaches, diarrhea, delirium<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Status: <\/strong>Native<\/p>\n<\/details>\n\n\n\n

+Winged Burning Bush<\/summary>
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Latin Name:<\/strong> Euonymus alatus<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Look-alike(s):<\/strong> None<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Habitat:<\/strong> Disturbed soil, woodland edges, thickets, degraded fields, gardens with partial sun or shade<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Identifying Features:<\/strong>  Dense mat of roots; opposite, toothed, ovular leaves green to burgundy; young branches have \u201cwings\u201d of brownish cork nubs; ripe fruit capsule splits to reveal 1 to 4 wrinkly bright red arils<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fruiting Season:<\/strong> Summer through fall<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toxicity:<\/strong> Moderate<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Side Effects from Consumption: <\/strong>Abdominal pain, fatigue, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, convulsions, chills<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Status: <\/strong>Invasive<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n<\/details>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toxic Until Cooked<\/mark><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

+Elderberry<\/summary>
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\"\"<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n
\n
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Latin Name:<\/strong> Sambucus canadensis<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Look-alike(s):<\/strong> Virginia Creeper<\/a>, Pokeweed<\/a>, Devil’s Walking Stick<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Habitat:<\/strong> Sunny, damp areas: streams, marshes, floodplains, hedge rows, wet meadows<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Identifying Features:<\/strong> Creamy white petals, compound narrow, elliptic leaves with finely serrated edges, and drooping, dark purple berries less than 1\/4-inch in diameter on pinkish stems<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fruiting Season: <\/strong>Late summer and early fall<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toxicity:<\/strong> Low; cook to abolish toxicity<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Taste:<\/strong> Floral, fruity, lovely in teas<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Side Effects from Consumption:<\/strong> Stomach pain<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Status:<\/strong> Native<\/p>\n<\/details>\n\n\n\n

+Guelder-rose<\/summary>
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Latin Name:<\/strong> Vibernum opulus<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Look-alike(s):<\/strong> Highbush Cranberry<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Habitat:<\/strong> Partial shade to sun; moist areas, often of disturbed soil; riverbanks, fens, old hedgerows, woodland edges<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Identifying Features:<\/strong> Opposite, three-lobed leaves with a prominent channel down the leaf stem, veins that curve towards the leaf tips, and coarsely toothed edges; leaves also have a wrinkled surface and lightly hairy underside; globular, glossy red berries hang in bunches; 2 to 8 small, oval-shaped, concave glands sit at the junction of the leaf stalk<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fruiting Season:<\/strong> Summer through autumn<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toxicity:<\/strong> Low; cook to abolish toxicity<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Taste: <\/strong>Flat and unappealing; not recommended<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Side Effects from Consumption:<\/strong> Vomiting, diarrhea, stomach pain<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Status:<\/strong> Invasive<\/p>\n<\/details>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Present in Rice County:<\/strong> American and Round-leaf Bittersweet, Bittersweet Nightshade, Canada Moonseed, Common Buckthorn, European Lily-of-the-Valley, Jack-in-the-Pulpit, Poison Sumac, Red Baneberry, Snowberry, Virginia Creeper, Winged Burning Bush<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Author: Olivia Hebblewhite<\/p>\n\n\n\n

+Photo Credits<\/summary>\n

American Bittersweet: driley<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Roundleaf Bittersweet: fermented<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bittersweet Nightshade: chaug<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Canada Moonseed: Nadiatalent<\/a> (Wiki)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Canada Yew: mcsnoopy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Common Buckthorn: dyerbay<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

European Lily-of-the-Valley: natalya_vilyaeva<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hairy Nightshade: junior_bartram<\/a>, sus scrofa<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Jack-in-the-Pulpit: Olivia Hebblewhite<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Poison Sumac: kursic<\/a>, smilklosi<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Red Baneberry: echocreek<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Snowberry: andrewsfalconer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Virginia Creeper: danna & curious tangles<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

White Baneberry: chdphoto<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Winged Burning Bush: caseymetcalfe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elderberry: mattdemmon<\/a>, jadewarner<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Guelder-rose: Olivia Hebblewhite<\/p>\n<\/details>\n\n\n\n

+Sources<\/summary>\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Adamant, Ashley. 2021. \u201cPoisonous Berries ~ a Forager\u2019s Guide.\u201d Practical Self Reliance, March 12. https:\/\/practicalselfreliance.com\/poisonous-berries\/.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Adcox, Susan, and Kim Painter. 2024. \u201cVirginia Creeper.\u201d WebMD, November 4. https:\/\/www.webmd.com\/first-aid\/virginia-creeper.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Adirondacks Forever Wild. n.d.-a. \u201cWildflowers of the Adirondacks: Red Baneberry.\u201d Adirondacks Forever Wild. Accessed October 21, 2025. https:\/\/wildadirondacks.org\/adirondack-wildflowers-red-baneberry-actaea-rubra.html.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2014\u2014\u2014. n.d.-b. \u201cWildflowers of the Adirondacks: White Baneberry.\u201d Adirondacks Forever Wild. Accessed October 21, 2025. https:\/\/wildadirondacks.org\/adirondack-wildflowers-white-baneberry-actaea-pachypoda.html.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Alberta Invasive Species Council. 2014. \u201cCommon Buckthorn.\u201d Alberta Invasive Species Council, January. https:\/\/webdocs.edmonton.ca\/web\/weed_identification\/fact_sheets\/FS-CommonBuckthorn.pdf.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Borke, Jesse, David C. Dugdale, and Brenda Conaway. 2023a. \u201cJack-in-the-Pulpit Poisoning.\u201d Mount Sinai, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, November. https:\/\/www.mountsinai.org\/health-library\/poison\/jack-in-the-pulpit-poisoning.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2014\u2014\u2014. 2023b. \u201cLily of the Valley.\u201d Mount Sinai, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, November. https:\/\/www.mountsinai.org\/health-library\/poison\/lily-of-the-valley.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Chayka, Katy. 2025. \u201cMinnesota Wildflowers.\u201d Katy Chayka. https:\/\/www.minnesotawildflowers.info\/.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Favorite, Jammie. 2008. \u201cSnowberry.\u201d With Lincoln M. Moore. USDA NRCS, April. https:\/\/plants.usda.gov\/documentlibrary\/factsheet\/pdf\/fs_syal.pdf.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Flower-McCraw, Sarah. 2017. \u201cA Quick and Juicy Guide to Berries of the Northwest.\u201d The Whole U, University of Washington, June 28. http:\/\/thewholeu.uw.edu:443\/2017\/06\/28\/a-quick-and-juicy-guide-to-berries-of-the-northwest\/.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Four Season Foraging. 2025. \u201cTop Five Poisonous Plants to Be Aware Of (in the Upper Midwest).\u201d March 19. https:\/\/www.fourseasonforaging.com\/blog\/2025\/3\/18\/top-five-poisonous-plants.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gildersleeve, Rhonda, Anders Gurda, Peg Reedy, and Mark Renz. 2013. \u201cToxic Plants in Midwest Pastures and Forages.\u201d The University of Wisconsin-Extension, Cooperative Extension. https:\/\/walworth.extension.wisc.edu\/files\/2014\/03\/A4019_ToxicPlantsWisconsinPasturesForages.pdf.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cGuide to Poisonous Plants \u2013 College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences \u2013 Colorado State University.\u201d n.d. Accessed October 21, 2025. https:\/\/poisonousplants.cvmbs.colostate.edu\/plant\/90.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cHairy Nightshade | Weed Identification Guide for Ontario Crops | Ontario.Ca.\u201d 2023. January 16. http:\/\/www.ontario.ca\/document\/weed-identification-guide-ontario-crops\/hairy-nightshade.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Healthline. 2020. \u201c10 Tasty Wild Berries to Try (and 8 Poisonous Ones to Avoid).\u201d October 14. https:\/\/www.healthline.com\/nutrition\/wild-berries.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cIdentify Poisonous Berries in the Fall with Pictures! | Almanac. Com.\u201d 2025. September 18. https:\/\/www.almanac.com\/poisonous-berries-fall.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Integrated Pest Management. n.d. \u201cHairy Nightshade.\u201d Accessed October 21, 2025. https:\/\/www.canr.msu.edu\/resources\/hairy_nightshade.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cJack-in-the-Pulpit – Arisaema | North Carolina Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox.\u201d n.d. Accessed October 21, 2025. https:\/\/plants.ces.ncsu.edu\/plants\/arisaema\/common-name\/jack-in-the-pulpit\/.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Jul 18, and 2019 | Print. n.d. \u201cWeed of The Month \u2013 Virginia Creeper.\u201d Home & Garden Information Center. Accessed October 21, 2025. https:\/\/hgic.clemson.edu\/weed-of-the-month-virginia-creeper\/.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

North Carolina Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox. n.d. \u201cEuonymus Alatus \u2018Compactus.\u2019\u201d NC State Extension. Accessed October 21, 2025. https:\/\/plants.ces.ncsu.edu\/plants\/euonymus-alatus-compactus\/#:~:text=Poison%20Symptoms:,plant%20is%20edible%2C%20including%20seeds.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Oxbow Farm & Conservation Center. 2020. \u201cBittersweet Nightshade.\u201d Oxbow Farm & Conservation Center, November 13. https:\/\/www.oxbow.org\/conservation\/resources\/noxious-weeds\/bittersweet-nightshade\/.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pinsker, Miriam. 2008. \u201cPinellia Ternata.\u201d The Scott Arboretum<\/em>, September 24, 2008. https:\/\/www.scottarboretum.org\/pinellia-ternata\/.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trewatha, Pamela Borden. n.d. \u201cHairy Nightshade – Plant Identification.\u201d Missouri State- Darr School of Agriculture, Missouri State University. Accessed October 29, 2025. https:\/\/Ag.MissouriState.edu\/PBTrewatha\/hairy-nightshade.htm.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Wisconsin Horticulture. 2025. \u201cBaneberry, Actaea Spp.\u201d University of Wisconsin-Madison. https:\/\/hort.extension.wisc.edu\/articles\/baneberry-actaea-spp\/.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Woodland Trust. n.d. \u201cGuelder Rose (Viburnum Opulus).\u201d Woodland Trust. Accessed November 7, 2025. https:\/\/www.woodlandtrust.org.uk\/trees-woods-and-wildlife\/british-trees\/a-z-of-british-trees\/guelder-rose\/.<\/p>\n<\/details>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

What could epitomize a quaint summer day better than berry-picking in the country? For those Midwesterners who participate in such foraging, however, do take caution\u2014or you may not be able […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":7312,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-5524","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":[],"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/wp.stolaf.edu\/naturallands\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/5524","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/wp.stolaf.edu\/naturallands\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/wp.stolaf.edu\/naturallands\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/wp.stolaf.edu\/naturallands\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/7312"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/wp.stolaf.edu\/naturallands\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=5524"}],"version-history":[{"count":43,"href":"https:\/\/wp.stolaf.edu\/naturallands\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/5524\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":5603,"href":"https:\/\/wp.stolaf.edu\/naturallands\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/5524\/revisions\/5603"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/wp.stolaf.edu\/naturallands\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=5524"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}