{"id":4898,"date":"2024-01-31T12:50:48","date_gmt":"2024-01-31T18:50:48","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/wp.stolaf.edu\/smithcenter\/?page_id=4898"},"modified":"2024-02-13T12:20:20","modified_gmt":"2024-02-13T18:20:20","slug":"solidarity-module","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/wp.stolaf.edu\/smithcenter\/solidarity-module\/","title":{"rendered":"Solidarity Module"},"content":{"rendered":"<div data-modular-content-collection>\t\t\t<div\n\t\t\tclass=\"site-section site-panel__image_overlay panel panel-image_overlay site-section__bg--default\"\n\t\t\tdata-depth=\"\"\n\t\t\tdata-js-panel=\"image-overlay\"\n\t\t>\n\t\n\t\t<div class=\"site-section__inner site-section__inner--no-padding\">\n\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t<div role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Parade of people for MLK Day March in front of Old Main, St. Olaf Campus, 2020. One person holds a sign that read &quot;Hate can&#039;t drive out hate&quot;\" style=\"background-image:url('https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/wp.stolaf.edu\/smithcenter\/files\/2024\/01\/MLK_March-041-X2-e1706725254890.jpg?resize=1064%2C580&#038;ssl=1');\" loading=\"lazy\"  class=\"site-section__bg-img site-section__bg-img--m-stack\"><\/div>\n\n\t\t<style>\n\t\t@media all and ( min-width: 960px ) {\n\t\t\t#site-panel__image-overlay-69dc71426b945 {\n\t\t\t\theight: 500px;\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t}\n\t<\/style>\n\t\n\t\t\t\t\n    \n\t<div id=\"site-panel__image-overlay-69dc71426b945\" class=\"site-panel__img-overlay-wrap site-panel__img-overlay site-panel__img-overlay--cranberry\">\n\n\t\t<div class=\"site-panel__img-overlay-content\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"t-content t-content--light\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"site-section__title \"\n\t\t\t\t\t\tdata-depth=\"0\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\tdata-name=\"title\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\tdata-autop\n\t\t\t\t\t\tdata-livetext\n\t\t\t\t\t>\n\t\t\t\t\t\tSolidarity and the Common Good\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"site-section__desc\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\tdata-depth=\"0\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\tdata-name=\"content\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\tdata-autop\n\t\t\t\t\t\tdata-livetext\n\t\t\t\t\t>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>We invite you to explore the following module and learn and reflect on the ethical dimensions of solidarity and coalition building as it relates to personal vocation and collective action.<\/p>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n\n\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\n\n\n\t\t\t<div\n\t\t\tclass=\"site-section site-panel__micronavbutton panel panel-micronavbutton site-section__bg--normal\"\n\t\t\tdata-depth=\"\"\n\t\t\tdata-js-panel=\"micronavbutton\"\n\t\t>\n\t\n\t    <div class=\"site-section__inner site-section__inner--top-padding-none site-section__inner--bottom-padding-none micronavbutton\">\n\n\t\t\n\t\n\t<div class=\"site-grid site-grid__no-gutters\"\n\t     data-depth=\"0\"\n\t     data-name=\"buttons\"\n\t     data-livetext\n\t>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"site-grid__col\">\n\t\t\t\t<a class=\"site-panel__micronavbtn-btn u-bc-teal\"\n\t\t\t\t   \thref=\"https:\/\/wp.stolaf.edu\/smithcenter\/reciprocity-module\/\"\n\t\t\t\t   \ttarget=\"_blank\"\n\t\t\t\t>\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"site-panel__micronavbtn-btn-label\">Reciprocity<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"site-panel__micronavbtn-btn-desc\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div> <!-- .site-grid__col -->\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"site-grid__col\">\n\t\t\t\t<a class=\"site-panel__micronavbtn-btn u-bc-purple\"\n\t\t\t\t   \thref=\"https:\/\/wp.stolaf.edu\/smithcenter\/communication-module\/\"\n\t\t\t\t   \ttarget=\"_blank\"\n\t\t\t\t>\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"site-panel__micronavbtn-btn-label\">Communication<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"site-panel__micronavbtn-btn-desc\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div> <!-- .site-grid__col -->\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"site-grid__col\">\n\t\t\t\t<a class=\"site-panel__micronavbtn-btn u-bc-cranberry\"\n\t\t\t\t   \thref=\"https:\/\/wp.stolaf.edu\/smithcenter\/identity-module\/\"\n\t\t\t\t   \ttarget=\"_blank\"\n\t\t\t\t>\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"site-panel__micronavbtn-btn-label\">Identity<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"site-panel__micronavbtn-btn-desc\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div> <!-- .site-grid__col -->\n\t\t\n\t<\/div> <!-- .site-grid -->\n\n\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\n\n\n\t\t\t<div\n\t\t\tclass=\"is-style-default site-section site-panel__accordion panel panel-accordion site-section__bg--normal\"\n\t\t\tdata-depth=\"\"\n\t\t\tdata-js-panel=\"accordion\"\n\t\t>\n\t\n\t\t\t<div class=\"is-style-default site-section__inner l-wrapper \">\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\t\t\t<header class=\"is-style-default site-section__header\">\n\n\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"is-style-default site-section__title site-section__title--sm\" id=\"introduction-and-learning-objectives-solidarity-module\" data-name=\"title\" data-livetext data-depth=\"0\" data-index=\"0\">Introduction and Learning Objectives: Solidarity Module<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t<\/header>\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t<div class=\"is-style-default site-grid site-grid__wrapper\">\n\n\t\t<div class=\"is-style-default site-grid__col\">\n\t\t\t\n<figure class=\"is-style-default c-caption\">\n\n\t<figure  class=\"is-style-default c-caption__img\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"is-style-default \" alt=\"Local community activist and organizer Mar Valdecantos in front of screen reading &quot;Rice County Neighbors United\/Vecinxs Unidxs&quot; and about advocacy principals, during lecture at St. Olaf during Hispanic Heritage Month 2023. Photo by Mindyrose Sinykin.\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/wp.stolaf.edu\/smithcenter\/files\/2024\/01\/Mar-Valdecantos-1.jpg?resize=600%2C350&#038;ssl=1\" loading=\"lazy\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"is-style-default t-content\" data-name=\"content\" data-index=\"0\" data-autop=\"true\" data-livetext>\n\t\t\t<p>Local community activist and organizer Mar Valdecantos shares advocacy principals, like listen, learn, etc. during lecture at St. Olaf during Hispanic Heritage Month 2023. Photo by Mindyrose Sinykin.<\/p>\n\n\t\t<\/figcaption>\n\t\n<\/figure>\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"is-style-default site-grid__col\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"is-style-default accordion site-panel__accordion-items\" data-depth=\"0\" data-name=\"accordions\" data-livetext role=\"tablist\" aria-multiselectable=\"true\" data-js=\"accordion\">\n            <article  class=\"is-style-default accordion__row site-panel__accordion-item \" role=\"tab\" aria-selected=\"false\" id=\"accordion-69dc71426d124-header-0\" aria-controls=\"accordion-69dc71426d124-content-0\">\n        \t\t<button\n\t\t\t\t\taria-expanded=\"false\"\n\t\t\t\t\tclass=\"is-style-default accordion__header site-panel__accordion-title clearfix\"\n\t\t\t\t\tdata-depth=\"0\"\n\t\t\t\t\tdata-index=\"0\"\n\t\t\t\t\tdata-name=\"title\"\n\t\t\t\t\tdata-livetext\n        \t\t>\n\t\t\t\t\t                    <span class=\"is-style-default accordion__header-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\tLearning Objectives\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n                <\/button>\n                <div\n\t\t\t\t\taria-labelledby=\"accordion-69dc71426d124-header-0\"\n\t\t\t\t\t class=\"is-style-default accordion__content site-panel__accordion-content context-content t-content \"\t\t\t\t\tid=\"accordion-69dc71426d124-content-0\"\n\t\t\t\t\trole=\"tabpanel\"\n\t\t\t\t\tdata-depth=\"0\"\n\t\t\t\t\tdata-index=\"0\"\n\t\t\t\t\tdata-autop=\"true\"\n\t\t\t\t\tdata-name=\"accordion_content\"\n\t\t\t\t\tdata-livetext\n                >\n\t\t\t\t\t                    <div class=\"is-style-default accordion__content-inner context-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>By the end of this module, you will be able to:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Define the key components of solidarity<\/li>\n<li>Articulate some of the considerations involved in building solidarity, including the ways in which solidarity and reciprocity are similar and different<\/li>\n<li>Reflect on how you approach building solidarity<\/li>\n<li>Apply concepts of solidarity to case studies involving ethical quandaries within community engagement.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n                    <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n            <\/article>\n\n\t\t\t\n            <article  class=\"is-style-default accordion__row site-panel__accordion-item \" role=\"tab\" aria-selected=\"false\" id=\"accordion-69dc71426d124-header-1\" aria-controls=\"accordion-69dc71426d124-content-1\">\n        \t\t<button\n\t\t\t\t\taria-expanded=\"false\"\n\t\t\t\t\tclass=\"is-style-default accordion__header site-panel__accordion-title clearfix\"\n\t\t\t\t\tdata-depth=\"0\"\n\t\t\t\t\tdata-index=\"1\"\n\t\t\t\t\tdata-name=\"title\"\n\t\t\t\t\tdata-livetext\n        \t\t>\n\t\t\t\t\t                    <span class=\"is-style-default accordion__header-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\tSolidarity is not (just) a feeling\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n                <\/button>\n                <div\n\t\t\t\t\taria-labelledby=\"accordion-69dc71426d124-header-1\"\n\t\t\t\t\t class=\"is-style-default accordion__content site-panel__accordion-content context-content t-content \"\t\t\t\t\tid=\"accordion-69dc71426d124-content-1\"\n\t\t\t\t\trole=\"tabpanel\"\n\t\t\t\t\tdata-depth=\"0\"\n\t\t\t\t\tdata-index=\"1\"\n\t\t\t\t\tdata-autop=\"true\"\n\t\t\t\t\tdata-name=\"accordion_content\"\n\t\t\t\t\tdata-livetext\n                >\n\t\t\t\t\t                    <div class=\"is-style-default accordion__content-inner context-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Solidarity is a powerful concept that has proven challenging to define for activists and scholars alike. This challenge arises, in part, from the wide variety of contexts in which solidarity has been deployed: as a practice, a set of actions, driven by a desire to transform. Although some contemporary uses of the term associate solidarity with relatively passive actions, such as signing a petition or changing a profile picture, these symbolic actions in isolation contribute little to social change. One way to think about the difference between passive and active solidarity is to imagine a sliding scale from transactional (spectatorship, low-stakes symbolic participation) to transformative (long-term, deep commitment, often risky engagement). Regardless of its precise form, most scholars agree on a few key components to the <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">practice<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> of solidarity. Solidarity requires <\/span><b>action<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> around a <\/span><b>shared goal<\/b> <b>or aspiration<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> over <\/span><b>time<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> with other <\/span><b>people<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Let\u2019s take each of these key components a step further.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Solidarity requires action. <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Solidarity cannot happen passively; it requires work and effort. If it feels comfortable, it\u2019s likely not contributing to making change. Feelings of discomfort can be a sign that your actions are challenging social norms and questioning or critiquing systems, which can lead to changing those systems. Critical pedagogy scholars note, \u201cThe active pursuit of solidarity requires deliberate attention to power dynamics, but also to the histories and ideas that have produced present conditions\u201d (Gaztambide-Fern\u00e1ndez, Brant, and Desai, 256).<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Solidarity is built around shared goals<\/b> <b>or aspirations.<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> People are motivated to act in solidarity because they feel a sense of proximity to the issue at hand, whether they have a direct stake in the matter based on their own experience of oppression, or a connection (real or imagined) to others who have experienced marginalization. The sense of proximity can be physical, intellectual, emotional, or spiritual (see \u201cMotivation\u201d section below). Goals and aspirations may be clear-cut, such as halting the construction of an oil pipeline, or more difficult to measure, such as changing the culture of an institution to become more inclusive.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Solidarity is developed over time. <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Building solidarity requires a long-term investment of time<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">and other resources (much in the same vein as antiracist commitments and inclusive practices). It takes time to build trust and to collectively shape the contours of a movement between people who have differing levels of knowledge, experience, and ability to contribute.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Solidarity requires more than one person<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Some people feel compelled to do it all, and to forge ahead independently, but a number of successful social movements have demonstrated the power of collective action. No one can be in solidarity alone. By recognizing that each individual can only commit so much of their time and resources, and that we each have different privileges and resources at our disposal, it becomes essential to connect and build relationships with others who are committed to a shared purpose. Diverse ideas, skills, and passions contributed by those working together make it possible to transform oppressive systems.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n                    <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n            <\/article>\n\n\t\t\t\n            <article  class=\"is-style-default accordion__row site-panel__accordion-item \" role=\"tab\" aria-selected=\"false\" id=\"accordion-69dc71426d124-header-2\" aria-controls=\"accordion-69dc71426d124-content-2\">\n        \t\t<button\n\t\t\t\t\taria-expanded=\"false\"\n\t\t\t\t\tclass=\"is-style-default accordion__header site-panel__accordion-title clearfix\"\n\t\t\t\t\tdata-depth=\"0\"\n\t\t\t\t\tdata-index=\"2\"\n\t\t\t\t\tdata-name=\"title\"\n\t\t\t\t\tdata-livetext\n        \t\t>\n\t\t\t\t\t                    <span class=\"is-style-default accordion__header-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\tExamples of Solidarity Movements\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n                <\/button>\n                <div\n\t\t\t\t\taria-labelledby=\"accordion-69dc71426d124-header-2\"\n\t\t\t\t\t class=\"is-style-default accordion__content site-panel__accordion-content context-content t-content \"\t\t\t\t\tid=\"accordion-69dc71426d124-content-2\"\n\t\t\t\t\trole=\"tabpanel\"\n\t\t\t\t\tdata-depth=\"0\"\n\t\t\t\t\tdata-index=\"2\"\n\t\t\t\t\tdata-autop=\"true\"\n\t\t\t\t\tdata-name=\"accordion_content\"\n\t\t\t\t\tdata-livetext\n                >\n\t\t\t\t\t                    <div class=\"is-style-default accordion__content-inner context-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Many movements for social change throughout history achieved their goals because people came together recognizing that change would not be immediate, and they committed to a sustained plan for maintaining solidarity with one another around their shared goal. Read more about some of these examples of solidarity movements in the US to investigate how the four key elements discussed above are combined in practice:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.archives.gov\/education\/lessons\/woman-suffrage#background\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Woman Suffrage: guaranteeing women the right to vote<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.loc.gov\/classroom-materials\/united-states-history-primary-source-timeline\/post-war-united-states-1945-1968\/civil-rights-movement\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Civil Rights Movement<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.pbs.org\/wgbh\/americanexperience\/features\/two-days-in-october-student-antiwar-protests-and-backlash\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Student-Led Vietnam War Protests<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><a href=\"https:\/\/libguides.mnhs.org\/aim\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">American Indian Movement (AIM)<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.pbs.org\/wnet\/exploring-hate\/2021\/11\/16\/today-in-history-occupation-of-alcatraz\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Occupation of Alcatraz<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><a href=\"https:\/\/guides.loc.gov\/lgbtq-studies\/stonewall-era\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Stonewall Uprising<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.npr.org\/sections\/thetwo-way\/2017\/02\/22\/514988040\/key-moments-in-the-dakota-access-pipeline-fight\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Standing Rock Sioux Reservation Protests over the Dakota Access Pipeline<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/interactive\/2020\/07\/03\/us\/george-floyd-protests-crowd-size.html?auth=login-google1tap&amp;login=google1tap\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Black Lives Matter Movement<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.citeblackwomencollective.org\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">#CiteBlackWomen Movement<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cnn.com\/interactive\/2018\/03\/us\/march-for-our-lives-cnnphotos\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">March for Our Lives<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n                    <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n            <\/article>\n\n\t\t\t\n            <article  class=\"is-style-default accordion__row site-panel__accordion-item \" role=\"tab\" aria-selected=\"false\" id=\"accordion-69dc71426d124-header-3\" aria-controls=\"accordion-69dc71426d124-content-3\">\n        \t\t<button\n\t\t\t\t\taria-expanded=\"false\"\n\t\t\t\t\tclass=\"is-style-default accordion__header site-panel__accordion-title clearfix\"\n\t\t\t\t\tdata-depth=\"0\"\n\t\t\t\t\tdata-index=\"3\"\n\t\t\t\t\tdata-name=\"title\"\n\t\t\t\t\tdata-livetext\n        \t\t>\n\t\t\t\t\t                    <span class=\"is-style-default accordion__header-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\tMotivations toward solidarity: shared identity, mutual interest, obligation, and friendship\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n                <\/button>\n                <div\n\t\t\t\t\taria-labelledby=\"accordion-69dc71426d124-header-3\"\n\t\t\t\t\t class=\"is-style-default accordion__content site-panel__accordion-content context-content t-content \"\t\t\t\t\tid=\"accordion-69dc71426d124-content-3\"\n\t\t\t\t\trole=\"tabpanel\"\n\t\t\t\t\tdata-depth=\"0\"\n\t\t\t\t\tdata-index=\"3\"\n\t\t\t\t\tdata-autop=\"true\"\n\t\t\t\t\tdata-name=\"accordion_content\"\n\t\t\t\t\tdata-livetext\n                >\n\t\t\t\t\t                    <div class=\"is-style-default accordion__content-inner context-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Why would someone desire to be in solidarity with others? Understanding the motivations for our solidarity efforts is directly linked to vocational discernment, which we at St. Olaf define as: \u201c<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/wp.stolaf.edu\/lutherancenter\/the-lutheran-center\/vocation-at-st-olaf\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Life, on purpose, for the common good<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u201d How is what I am doing on purpose, rooted in my personal values, and linked with others for the benefit of the common good? Sociologist and economist J\u00f6rg Althammer points to two main types of solidarity that hinge upon differing motivations.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Solidarity as a Social Contract<\/b> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The first type of solidarity is based on the idea of the social contract, where individuals join together around shared values, convictions, or beliefs that govern their actions. Under this umbrella, there are two ways to understand the motivations that bring individuals together in solidarity.<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><b>Shared Identity. <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In some cases, solidarity is concentrated within a group whose members share a specific social identity, and this commonality is the foundation of trust within the group that establishes a sense of moral unity between them (what sociologist Emile Durkheim would call \u201cmechanic solidarity\u201d). Solidarity <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">within a specific social group based on a shared identity <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">relies on homogeneity. Solidarity movements based on social identity can, at times, ignore other positions and intersecting identities that members hold in order to conform to the homogeneity of that group. Shared identity solidarity also tends to be \u201cparticularistic\u201d by design, meaning that the beneficiaries of actions taken are limited to those who share that particular identity, such as a \u201cby us, for us\u201d mentality (Althammer, 8). For example, several of the movements in the list concluding the \u201cSolidarity is not [just] a Feeling\u201d section are formulated around a shared identity, such as the Woman Suffrage movement, the Occupation of Alcatraz, the Stonewall Uprising, and #CiteBlackWomen.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><b>Mutual Interest<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Alternatively, solidarity can be developed among people who share a mutual interest, despite having different social identities. Solidarity <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">based on mutual interest<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> is dependent on heterogeneity\u2014people with a variety of identities\u2014because different experiences and positionalities are needed to contribute different things to the cause (what Durkheim would call \u201corganic solidarity\u201d). Heterogeneity, while common in solidarity movements, requires more intentional and deliberate outreach to bring people into the work. Solidarity based on mutual interest can be understood as \u201cuniversalistic,\u201d meaning that there is a shared understanding that the effort being worked towards is either a universal human right or benefits more than just one particular group of people (Althammer, 20). For example, several of the movements in the list concluding the \u201cSolidarity is not [just] a Feeling\u201d section are formulated around a shared interest, such as the protests against the Vietnam War and the March for Our Lives. Note, however, that the \u201cmutual interest\u201d notion of solidarity has both positive and negative effects for the social cohesion in a society (ie. a band of criminals has solidarity with each other) as philosopher Kurt Bayertz stresses (cited in Althammer, 10).<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b>Solidarity as a Virtue<\/b> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The second type of solidarity is more descriptive, noting how individuals can be drawn into solidarity based on their need for assistance from others in a similar situation (obligation, based on self-interest), or based on a reciprocal bond that is driven by a similarity in tastes and preferences (friendship, and explicitly non-instrumental).\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><b>Obligation<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> points to a larger sense of collective responsibility or duty, regardless of proximity. For example, the way certain nation-states have designed social welfare programs denotes an obligatory approach at a high system-level.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><b>Friendship<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, on the other hand, invokes a sense of more neighbor-to-neighbor interactions, or mutual togetherness or interconnectedness through interpersonal relationships. Althammer points out that solidarity based in friendship has been noted by other scholars to stem from Aristotle\u2019s view of \u201cperfect friendship\u201d (7).\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\"><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ol>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\"><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n                    <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n            <\/article>\n\n\t\t\t\n            <article  class=\"is-style-default accordion__row site-panel__accordion-item \" role=\"tab\" aria-selected=\"false\" id=\"accordion-69dc71426d124-header-4\" aria-controls=\"accordion-69dc71426d124-content-4\">\n        \t\t<button\n\t\t\t\t\taria-expanded=\"false\"\n\t\t\t\t\tclass=\"is-style-default accordion__header site-panel__accordion-title clearfix\"\n\t\t\t\t\tdata-depth=\"0\"\n\t\t\t\t\tdata-index=\"4\"\n\t\t\t\t\tdata-name=\"title\"\n\t\t\t\t\tdata-livetext\n        \t\t>\n\t\t\t\t\t                    <span class=\"is-style-default accordion__header-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\tFinding Your Place in Solidarity\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n                <\/button>\n                <div\n\t\t\t\t\taria-labelledby=\"accordion-69dc71426d124-header-4\"\n\t\t\t\t\t class=\"is-style-default accordion__content site-panel__accordion-content context-content t-content \"\t\t\t\t\tid=\"accordion-69dc71426d124-content-4\"\n\t\t\t\t\trole=\"tabpanel\"\n\t\t\t\t\tdata-depth=\"0\"\n\t\t\t\t\tdata-index=\"4\"\n\t\t\t\t\tdata-autop=\"true\"\n\t\t\t\t\tdata-name=\"accordion_content\"\n\t\t\t\t\tdata-livetext\n                >\n\t\t\t\t\t                    <div class=\"is-style-default accordion__content-inner context-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><b>Your Positionality and Roles:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Your role within a solidarity movement will depend on your own positionality (how you experience the world based on your intersecting identities and the associated power\/privileges you are afforded). One role in a solidarity movement is that of an <\/span><b>ally<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: someone from a dominant or majority group that is committed to supporting and advocating for those in marginalized and oppressed groups, but rarely engages in action that involves personal risk. In contrast, an <\/span><b>accomplice<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> goes further by using the power and privilege they have to challenge oppressive systems in a more direct way, often risking their physical and social well being. A <\/span><b>co-conspirator<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> is even more deeply embedded, as activist Brittany Packnett notes: \u201cAn ally shows up when it&#8217;s convenient. An accomplice shows up when there is a risk. A co-conspirator decides to go into the risk proactively because they helped create the plan in the first place\u201d (hear Packnett\u2019s full response <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/QZVILjJPreM?si=WXiFk25I_PTgLyGI\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">here<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Developing Motivations:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Solidarity can look and feel different for each person based on how they show up and what gifts, skills, expertise, and knowledge they have to share. Building solidarity is challenging, and people enter this work at different levels of engagement and self-awareness. To one person, an action may feel deeply meaningful and genuine, while to another person, that same action may feel inauthentic and designed to garner praise (sometimes referred to as \u201cperformative\u201d). It\u2019s important to recognize that real harm can be done by individuals who are underprepared for solidarity work as a result of a lack of trust, clear motivations, and committed action. But it may be valuable to turn to curiosity in these moments, seeking to learn more about the individual\u2019s motivation to join in solidarity with others and investing in a relationship with them (sometimes referred to as \u201ccalling in\u201d rather than \u201ccalling out\u201d). Practicing solidarity actions with a sense of self-awareness (see section below) can be a first step for someone who wants to get involved and work toward being in solidarity with others, before they are able to fully articulate their motivation. This process can help solidify the very purpose for their solidarity. Supporting people who are new to solidarity work can start by asking questions (see Reflection Questions: Expectations or Aspirations for Solidary Experiences). It is also important to recognize the labor, emotional and otherwise, involved in educating people who are entering this work, and attend to an equitable distribution of that labor.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n                    <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n            <\/article>\n\n\t\t\t\n            <article  class=\"is-style-default accordion__row site-panel__accordion-item \" role=\"tab\" aria-selected=\"false\" id=\"accordion-69dc71426d124-header-5\" aria-controls=\"accordion-69dc71426d124-content-5\">\n        \t\t<button\n\t\t\t\t\taria-expanded=\"false\"\n\t\t\t\t\tclass=\"is-style-default accordion__header site-panel__accordion-title clearfix\"\n\t\t\t\t\tdata-depth=\"0\"\n\t\t\t\t\tdata-index=\"5\"\n\t\t\t\t\tdata-name=\"title\"\n\t\t\t\t\tdata-livetext\n        \t\t>\n\t\t\t\t\t                    <span class=\"is-style-default accordion__header-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\tSolidarity in Practice\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n                <\/button>\n                <div\n\t\t\t\t\taria-labelledby=\"accordion-69dc71426d124-header-5\"\n\t\t\t\t\t class=\"is-style-default accordion__content site-panel__accordion-content context-content t-content \"\t\t\t\t\tid=\"accordion-69dc71426d124-content-5\"\n\t\t\t\t\trole=\"tabpanel\"\n\t\t\t\t\tdata-depth=\"0\"\n\t\t\t\t\tdata-index=\"5\"\n\t\t\t\t\tdata-autop=\"true\"\n\t\t\t\t\tdata-name=\"accordion_content\"\n\t\t\t\t\tdata-livetext\n                >\n\t\t\t\t\t                    <div class=\"is-style-default accordion__content-inner context-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The practice of solidarity is demonstrated by completing actions over a period of time that build on one another. So\u2014what does the process of acting in solidarity over time really look like? Below is an adaptation of a <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/buildingmovement.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/Writing-a-Solidarity-Statement.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">process created by The Building Movement Project<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> that has clear considerations and actions to take toward a defined goal: writing a solidarity statement for your organization. These considerations and steps can also be adapted and applied to other practices of solidarity.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Solidarity Statement project\u2019s core principles are outlined as follows:<\/span><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><b>Center<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> the voices, needs, and demands of directly affected communities and organizations that represent them.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><b>Connect<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> the common roots of systemic injustice across movements, while acknowledging that we all hold distinct and similar histories and experiences of dealing with oppression.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Articulate visions of <\/span><b>co-liberation<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, including mutual freedom and redistribution of power that recognizes that we can\u2019t all be free, equal, or whole if any community is being oppressed.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Include ideas and examples of how we can be <\/span><b>co-conspirators<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> on the issue addressed, with respect, humility and accountability.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Design the statement not just for a one time event but as <\/span><b>part of a sustainable, long-term, movement building strategy.\u00a0<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><b>Before Taking Action<\/b><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Clarify your vision and intended impact<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Build and sustain relationships<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Determine the type of message you want to send<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Identify your audience and core messages<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Determine your organizational capacity<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Determine process and decision-making<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><b>During\/After Taking Action<\/b><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Assess the Impact of your Action<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Debrief and Review<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Note how the Building Movement\u2019s process embeds a clear call to action in their core principles, relies on relationship building, and uses reflection as a tool to determine future steps and actions. For more information about each step, view the full guide at <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/buildingmovement.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/Writing-a-Solidarity-Statement.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Building Movement Project<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/p>\n                    <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n            <\/article>\n\n\t\t\t\n            <article  class=\"is-style-default accordion__row site-panel__accordion-item \" role=\"tab\" aria-selected=\"false\" id=\"accordion-69dc71426d124-header-6\" aria-controls=\"accordion-69dc71426d124-content-6\">\n        \t\t<button\n\t\t\t\t\taria-expanded=\"false\"\n\t\t\t\t\tclass=\"is-style-default accordion__header site-panel__accordion-title clearfix\"\n\t\t\t\t\tdata-depth=\"0\"\n\t\t\t\t\tdata-index=\"6\"\n\t\t\t\t\tdata-name=\"title\"\n\t\t\t\t\tdata-livetext\n        \t\t>\n\t\t\t\t\t                    <span class=\"is-style-default accordion__header-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\tDisciplinary Perspectives and Practices of Solidarity\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n                <\/button>\n                <div\n\t\t\t\t\taria-labelledby=\"accordion-69dc71426d124-header-6\"\n\t\t\t\t\t class=\"is-style-default accordion__content site-panel__accordion-content context-content t-content \"\t\t\t\t\tid=\"accordion-69dc71426d124-content-6\"\n\t\t\t\t\trole=\"tabpanel\"\n\t\t\t\t\tdata-depth=\"0\"\n\t\t\t\t\tdata-index=\"6\"\n\t\t\t\t\tdata-autop=\"true\"\n\t\t\t\t\tdata-name=\"accordion_content\"\n\t\t\t\t\tdata-livetext\n                >\n\t\t\t\t\t                    <div class=\"is-style-default accordion__content-inner context-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Since humans exist as social animals, and altruism is well documented among our species, solidarity as a practice has likely existed since the dawn of human society. Instances of mutual aid among communities of people around the world abound in historical accounts. The first recorded written evidence of \u201csolidarity\u201d as a concept, however, occurs in Roman Law with the concept of <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">obligatio in solidum<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, which references the joint liability of people in debt to one or more of their creditors. Solidarity also emerges in other culturally specific contexts, including <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.haudenosauneeconfederacy.com\/values\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">the seventh generation principle<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> of the ancient Haudenosaunee (Iroquois) peoples of North America that reinforces the temporal nature of solidarity efforts. The West African indigenous concept of <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">ubuntu<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> emphasizes human interconnectedness and dignity first within one\u2019s own cultural group, and secondly among all other human beings, including an <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">ubuntic<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> duty to slaves (Afolabi, 48). Shared identity solidarity has manifested in Christian \u201cbrotherhood\u201d or fraternity organizations, for instance, while mutual interest solidarity emerged into the Western lexicon through labor organizing and trade unions at the beginning of the Industrial Revolution (Oxford English Dictionary).\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The academic study of solidarity is spread across a variety of disciplines. Many of the scholars cited in this module (and whom they attribute their scholarly lineage to) arise from sociology and philosophy, notably <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00c9mile Durkheim, Ulf Tranow, and <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">J\u00f6rg <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Althammer, where they tackle the concept of solidarity <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">as a concept<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Scholars have explored solidarity within other fields as well, and in many cases moved beyond theory to advocate for particular <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">practices<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. For instance, <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">the Black feminist <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.reed.edu\/cres\/assets\/Combahee-River-Collective,-Black-Feminist-Statement,-How-We-Get-Free---Taylor.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Combahee River Collective<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> contributed to an intersectional understanding of solidarity, noting how \u201cWe struggle together with Black men against racism, while we also struggle with Black men about sexism\u201d (1977, 19). Brazilian educator and theorist Paolo Freire argued that \u201ctrue\u00a0 solidarity\u201d requires those who benefit from oppressive systems to sacrifice status and privilege in order to join the oppressed in fighting for freedom in his landmark publication, <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Pedagogy of the Oppressed<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (1970). Below are a few additional interpretations of solidarity generated from different academic disciplinary perspectives, with varying applications to the practice of solidarity:\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Economics<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Any discussion of solidarity that rests on expectations of compensation, incentives, need, and exchange are rooted in economic theory and practice. For instance, sociologist Ulf Tranow\u2019s analysis of \u201csolidarity norms\u201d takes a Marxist approach when noting that there must be some sacrifice, without the expectation of compensation. Althammer notes that \u201cthe characteristic feature of solidarity is the unidirectional mode of interaction which comes along with the sacrifice of some kind of scarce resource (e.g. time, money, effort)\u201d (14). Notions of solidarity are infused with capitalist terminology, particularly within a Western industrialized society such as the United States, because capitalism governs our everyday lives. Social scientists argue that solidarity resists the competitive capitalist individualism that pervades our society (hampton and Hartman 2022; Rub\u00e9n Gaztambide-Fern\u00e1ndez, Jennifer Brant and Chandni Desai 2022). In addition, ethical engagement often espouses taking an asset-based (instead of a deficit-based, or need-based) approach to working together. How can an economic approach to solidarity based on need be reconciled with an asset-based approach?<\/span><\/p>\n<p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Religion<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Solidarity as a moral imperative shows up in many religions and worldviews, a few instances of which are noted below. Catholic theological ethicist Conor Kelly argues that \u201ceveryday solidarity\u201d based on a moral principle, is an effective antidote to individualism, particularly in capitalist societies like the United States. Kelly\u2019s belief that \u201cthe relational perspective of everyday solidarity asks each person to examine his or her options in order to choose the actions that will provide the maximum benefits for his or her relationships\u201d (431). This idea mirrors closely the Lutheran concept of vocational discernment and how one\u2019s choices of their life roles (or how to respond to the roles we do not choose) affect those they are in relationship with and, as such, to consider the common good with respect to one\u2019s vocational pathway. The contemporary concept of \u201c<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/download.elca.org\/ELCA%20Resource%20Repository\/Accompaniment_(full).pdf\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Accompaniment<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u201d within the Evangelical Lutheran Church of America (ELCA) and Liberation Theology more broadly advocates a \u201cwalking with and alongside\u201d approach to mission work but they acknowledge this has not always been realized by members of their community.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In a <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.lionsroar.com\/the-path-of-solidarity\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">blog post<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> for the Lion\u2019s Roar, novice Zen priest and anthropologist Dr. Doshin Nathan Wood describes the Zen Buddhist notion of <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">karuna<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, or \u201cactive sympathy\u201d embodied through empathy, in relationship with <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">dana<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, or the \u201cindividual expression of sympathy for the shared good;\u201d together, <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">karuna<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">dana <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">work towards communal solidarity. He cites a non-Buddhist example of this when he recalls how Dr. Larycia Hawkins\u2019 call in December 2015 for Christians to wear a hijab for Advent in an act of \u201cembodied solidarity\u201d during the rise of anti-Muslim sentiment in the mid-2010s, an act that ultimately led to her own termination from the faculty at Wheaton College. See Dr. Hawkins\u2019 presentation on the #EmbodiedSolidarity movement at St. Olaf College <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/wp.stolaf.edu\/religion\/larycia-hawkins\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">here<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Political Science<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Solidarity often leans towards the political, a banding together to achieve, as Althammer puts it, a \u201crecognition of social rights and the public provision of means that are necessary for a full participation in a political community\u201d (11). Of course, this definition intersects with many of the examples already noted, but has manifested most concretely in the creation of the social welfare state whereby the government has an obligation to provide for its members. In addition, many solidarity movements have a clearly expressed goal of accruing more political power by making public policy changes that directly impact themselves and others. The creation of the UN Declaration of Human Rights (1948) is one example of several nation-states banding together in solidarity for the common good.\u00a0 <\/span><\/p>\n                    <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n            <\/article>\n\n\t\t\t\n            <article  class=\"is-style-default accordion__row site-panel__accordion-item \" role=\"tab\" aria-selected=\"false\" id=\"accordion-69dc71426d124-header-7\" aria-controls=\"accordion-69dc71426d124-content-7\">\n        \t\t<button\n\t\t\t\t\taria-expanded=\"false\"\n\t\t\t\t\tclass=\"is-style-default accordion__header site-panel__accordion-title clearfix\"\n\t\t\t\t\tdata-depth=\"0\"\n\t\t\t\t\tdata-index=\"7\"\n\t\t\t\t\tdata-name=\"title\"\n\t\t\t\t\tdata-livetext\n        \t\t>\n\t\t\t\t\t                    <span class=\"is-style-default accordion__header-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\tSolidarity&#039;s relationship with reciprocity\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n                <\/button>\n                <div\n\t\t\t\t\taria-labelledby=\"accordion-69dc71426d124-header-7\"\n\t\t\t\t\t class=\"is-style-default accordion__content site-panel__accordion-content context-content t-content \"\t\t\t\t\tid=\"accordion-69dc71426d124-content-7\"\n\t\t\t\t\trole=\"tabpanel\"\n\t\t\t\t\tdata-depth=\"0\"\n\t\t\t\t\tdata-index=\"7\"\n\t\t\t\t\tdata-autop=\"true\"\n\t\t\t\t\tdata-name=\"accordion_content\"\n\t\t\t\t\tdata-livetext\n                >\n\t\t\t\t\t                    <div class=\"is-style-default accordion__content-inner context-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Reciprocity and solidarity as relational concepts appear on the surface to be nearly synonymous, but teasing out nuances can help us better understand how we are framing and showing up for ethical engagement with others. One approach is to consider reciprocity as a core value that is already embedded <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">within<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> a solidarity framework. Another approach is to consider that reciprocity is based on an expectation of exchange or transaction, whereas solidarity opens up the <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">potential<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> for exchange back and forth but can also be one-directional in support of a shared goal that does not necessarily result in tangible benefits for all participants; if you expect something in return, you are likely not acting in solidarity.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It may also be that people need to be in solidarity with an effort before they can ethically be in solidarity with people directly, such as in predominantly white institutions\u2019 and communities\u2019 work on the truth, healing, and reconciliation with their Indigenous neighbors. If reciprocity is seen primarily as a mutually beneficial exchange, reciprocity may not be appropriate given that settlers are on stolen lands and it is up to settlers to commit to a \u201csolidarity sacrifice\u201d (Tranow, 46), some sort of material transfer that is deliberately <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">not<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> reciprocal. It is the responsibility of settlers to determine how to proceed meaningfully based on the historical context of settler colonialism in their particular geographic locale and the current direction of sovereignty efforts led by Indigenous elders and neighbors.\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In short, reciprocity can take the form of a one-time transaction, but solidarity requires effortful actions built over time with other people around a shared goal. <\/span><\/p>\n                    <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n            <\/article>\n\n\t\t\t\n            <article  class=\"is-style-default accordion__row site-panel__accordion-item \" role=\"tab\" aria-selected=\"false\" id=\"accordion-69dc71426d124-header-8\" aria-controls=\"accordion-69dc71426d124-content-8\">\n        \t\t<button\n\t\t\t\t\taria-expanded=\"false\"\n\t\t\t\t\tclass=\"is-style-default accordion__header site-panel__accordion-title clearfix\"\n\t\t\t\t\tdata-depth=\"0\"\n\t\t\t\t\tdata-index=\"8\"\n\t\t\t\t\tdata-name=\"title\"\n\t\t\t\t\tdata-livetext\n        \t\t>\n\t\t\t\t\t                    <span class=\"is-style-default accordion__header-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\tSolidarity Bibliography\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n                <\/button>\n                <div\n\t\t\t\t\taria-labelledby=\"accordion-69dc71426d124-header-8\"\n\t\t\t\t\t class=\"is-style-default accordion__content site-panel__accordion-content context-content t-content \"\t\t\t\t\tid=\"accordion-69dc71426d124-content-8\"\n\t\t\t\t\trole=\"tabpanel\"\n\t\t\t\t\tdata-depth=\"0\"\n\t\t\t\t\tdata-index=\"8\"\n\t\t\t\t\tdata-autop=\"true\"\n\t\t\t\t\tdata-name=\"accordion_content\"\n\t\t\t\t\tdata-livetext\n                >\n\t\t\t\t\t                    <div class=\"is-style-default accordion__content-inner context-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Afolabi, Michael Olusegun. 2015. \u201cA Vulnerability\/Solidarity Framework for a Global Ethic: Historical &amp; Contemporary Applications.\u201d Revista Rom\u00e2n\u0103 de Bioetic\u0103, 13(1): 44-68.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Althammer, J\u00f6rg. 2019. \u201cSolidarity: From Small Communities to Global Societies.\u201d In Solidarity in Open Societies, 5-23. Edited by J\u00f6rg Althammer, Bernhard Neum\u00e4rker, and Ursula Nothelle-Wildfeuer. Wiesbaden: Springer VS.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Boucher, Michael. 2020. More Than an Ally: A Caring Solidarity Framework for White Teachers of African American Students. Rowman &amp; Littlefield.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Dean, Jodi. 1998. \u201cFeminist Solidarity, Reflective Solidarity: Theorizing Connections after identity politics.\u201d Women and Politics, 18(4): 1-26.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Dean, Jodi. 1996. Solidarity of Strangers: Feminism after Identity Politics. Los Angeles: University of California Press.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Durkheim, \u00c9mile. 1893\/1984. The Division of Labour in Society. Trans. George Simpson. London: Collier-Macmillan Limited.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Freire, Paulo. 1968\/1970. Pedagogy of the Oppressed. Trans. Myra Bergman Ramos. New York: Herder and Herder.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Gaztambide-Fern\u00e1ndez, Rub\u00e9n Jennifer Brant, and Chandni Desai. 2022. \u201cToward a Pedagogy of Solidarity.\u201d Curriculum Inquiry, 52(3): 251-265.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">hampton, rosalind and Michelle Hartman. 2022. \u201cSolidarity in Multiple Registers.\u201d Curriculum Inquiry, 52(3): 326-336.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Houston, Serin D. and Kirk Langeband Lange. 2018. \u201c\u2018Global\/Local\u2019 Community Engagement: Advancing Integrative Learning and Situated Solidarity.\u201d Journal of Geography in Higher Education. 42(1): 44-60.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Kelly, Conor M. 2020. \u201cEveryday Solidarity: A Framework for Integrating Theological Ethics and Ordinary Life.\u201d Theological Studies, 81(2): 414-37.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Taylor, Keeanga-Yamahtta, ed. 2017. How We Get Free: Black Feminism and the Combahee River Collective. Chicago: Haymarket Books.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Tranow, Ulf. 2019. \u201cSolidarity as a System of Norms.\u201d In Solidarity in Open Societies, 25-55. Edited by J\u00f6rg Althammer, Bernhard Neum\u00e4rker, and Ursula Nothelle-Wildfeuer. Wiesbaden: Springer VS.<\/span><\/p>\n                    <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n            <\/article>\n\n\t\t\t\n            <article  class=\"is-style-default accordion__row site-panel__accordion-item \" role=\"tab\" aria-selected=\"false\" id=\"accordion-69dc71426d124-header-9\" aria-controls=\"accordion-69dc71426d124-content-9\">\n        \t\t<button\n\t\t\t\t\taria-expanded=\"false\"\n\t\t\t\t\tclass=\"is-style-default accordion__header site-panel__accordion-title clearfix\"\n\t\t\t\t\tdata-depth=\"0\"\n\t\t\t\t\tdata-index=\"9\"\n\t\t\t\t\tdata-name=\"title\"\n\t\t\t\t\tdata-livetext\n        \t\t>\n\t\t\t\t\t                    <span class=\"is-style-default accordion__header-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\tSolidarity-Additional Resources \t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n                <\/button>\n                <div\n\t\t\t\t\taria-labelledby=\"accordion-69dc71426d124-header-9\"\n\t\t\t\t\t class=\"is-style-default accordion__content site-panel__accordion-content context-content t-content \"\t\t\t\t\tid=\"accordion-69dc71426d124-content-9\"\n\t\t\t\t\trole=\"tabpanel\"\n\t\t\t\t\tdata-depth=\"0\"\n\t\t\t\t\tdata-index=\"9\"\n\t\t\t\t\tdata-autop=\"true\"\n\t\t\t\t\tdata-name=\"accordion_content\"\n\t\t\t\t\tdata-livetext\n                >\n\t\t\t\t\t                    <div class=\"is-style-default accordion__content-inner context-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u201cSolidarity Is This\u201d Podcast: <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/solidarityis.org\/our-work\/solidarity-is-this-podcast\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">https:\/\/solidarityis.org\/our-work\/solidarity-is-this-podcast\/<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Interdependence: Global Solidarity and Local Actions Toolkit: <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cbglcollab.org\/intro-to-toolkit\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">https:\/\/www.cbglcollab.org\/intro-to-toolkit<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Solidarity Statement Examples:\u00a0<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Solidarity with the movement to stop Cop City &amp; defend the Weelaunee Forest (<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/defendtheatlantaforest.org\/solidarity\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">2023<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">)<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Bay Area Latinx and Asian Community Groups Unite to Support Half Moon Bay Victims and Survivors (<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.advancingjustice-alc.org\/news-resources\/news\/latinx-asian-communities-unites-support-hmb-victims\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">2023<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">)\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Movement for Black Lives Statement on Anti-Asian Violence (<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/m4bl.org\/statements\/anti-asian-violence\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">2021<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">)\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Solidarity Letter from the Immigrant Justice Movement (<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nilc.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/Letter-of-Solidarity-from-the-Immigrant-Justice-Movement-with-Signatories-6.5.20.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">2020<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">)\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Lifted Voices Statement of Solidarity With the Water Protectors of #NoDAPL (<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/liftedvoices.org\/2016\/09\/06\/lifted-voices-statement-of-solidarity-with-the-water-protectors-of-nodapl\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">2016<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">)\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Statement of the Palestinian Youth Movement USA Branch in Support of the Weekend of Resistance in St. Louis and Ferguson (<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/palestinianyouthmovement.com\/solidarity-with-ferguson\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">2014<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">)<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n                    <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n            <\/article>\n\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t<\/div>\n\n\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\n\n\n\t\t\t<div\n\t\t\tclass=\"is-style-default site-section site-panel__accordion panel panel-accordion site-section__bg--normal\"\n\t\t\tdata-depth=\"\"\n\t\t\tdata-js-panel=\"accordion\"\n\t\t>\n\t\n\t\t\t<div class=\"is-style-default site-section__inner l-wrapper \">\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\t\t\t<header class=\"is-style-default site-section__header\">\n\n\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"is-style-default site-section__title site-section__title--sm\" id=\"reflection-questions-solidarity\" data-name=\"title\" data-livetext data-depth=\"0\" data-index=\"0\">Reflection Questions: Solidarity<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t<\/header>\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t<div class=\"is-style-default site-grid site-grid__wrapper\">\n\n\t\t<div class=\"is-style-default site-grid__col\">\n\t\t\t\n<figure class=\"is-style-default c-caption\">\n\n\t<figure  class=\"is-style-default c-caption__img\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"is-style-default \" alt=\"Two hands join together to form a heart in front of St. Olaf wind chimes. Photo by Kat Bluett.\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/wp.stolaf.edu\/smithcenter\/files\/2024\/01\/Hands-in-heart-photo-by-Kat-Bluett.jpg?resize=600%2C350&#038;ssl=1\" loading=\"lazy\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\t\n<\/figure>\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"is-style-default site-grid__col\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"is-style-default accordion site-panel__accordion-items\" data-depth=\"0\" data-name=\"accordions\" data-livetext role=\"tablist\" aria-multiselectable=\"true\" data-js=\"accordion\">\n            <article  class=\"is-style-default accordion__row site-panel__accordion-item \" role=\"tab\" aria-selected=\"false\" id=\"accordion-69dc71426dc7c-header-0\" aria-controls=\"accordion-69dc71426dc7c-content-0\">\n        \t\t<button\n\t\t\t\t\taria-expanded=\"false\"\n\t\t\t\t\tclass=\"is-style-default accordion__header site-panel__accordion-title clearfix\"\n\t\t\t\t\tdata-depth=\"0\"\n\t\t\t\t\tdata-index=\"0\"\n\t\t\t\t\tdata-name=\"title\"\n\t\t\t\t\tdata-livetext\n        \t\t>\n\t\t\t\t\t                    <span class=\"is-style-default accordion__header-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\tUsers Note\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n                <\/button>\n                <div\n\t\t\t\t\taria-labelledby=\"accordion-69dc71426dc7c-header-0\"\n\t\t\t\t\t class=\"is-style-default accordion__content site-panel__accordion-content context-content t-content \"\t\t\t\t\tid=\"accordion-69dc71426dc7c-content-0\"\n\t\t\t\t\trole=\"tabpanel\"\n\t\t\t\t\tdata-depth=\"0\"\n\t\t\t\t\tdata-index=\"0\"\n\t\t\t\t\tdata-autop=\"true\"\n\t\t\t\t\tdata-name=\"accordion_content\"\n\t\t\t\t\tdata-livetext\n                >\n\t\t\t\t\t                    <div class=\"is-style-default accordion__content-inner context-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>These activities may be done individually, with classmates\/group members, and\/or with community partners. There is a set of questions and topics for before or at the beginning of the community engagement and another set that can be used during and\/or after the experience. The questions are a labeled below for their suggested use.<\/p>\n                    <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n            <\/article>\n\n\t\t\t\n            <article  class=\"is-style-default accordion__row site-panel__accordion-item \" role=\"tab\" aria-selected=\"false\" id=\"accordion-69dc71426dc7c-header-1\" aria-controls=\"accordion-69dc71426dc7c-content-1\">\n        \t\t<button\n\t\t\t\t\taria-expanded=\"false\"\n\t\t\t\t\tclass=\"is-style-default accordion__header site-panel__accordion-title clearfix\"\n\t\t\t\t\tdata-depth=\"0\"\n\t\t\t\t\tdata-index=\"1\"\n\t\t\t\t\tdata-name=\"title\"\n\t\t\t\t\tdata-livetext\n        \t\t>\n\t\t\t\t\t                    <span class=\"is-style-default accordion__header-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\tPrevious Experience with Solidarity (Before)\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n                <\/button>\n                <div\n\t\t\t\t\taria-labelledby=\"accordion-69dc71426dc7c-header-1\"\n\t\t\t\t\t class=\"is-style-default accordion__content site-panel__accordion-content context-content t-content \"\t\t\t\t\tid=\"accordion-69dc71426dc7c-content-1\"\n\t\t\t\t\trole=\"tabpanel\"\n\t\t\t\t\tdata-depth=\"0\"\n\t\t\t\t\tdata-index=\"1\"\n\t\t\t\t\tdata-autop=\"true\"\n\t\t\t\t\tdata-name=\"accordion_content\"\n\t\t\t\t\tdata-livetext\n                >\n\t\t\t\t\t                    <div class=\"is-style-default accordion__content-inner context-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">What is <\/span><b>your experience with solidarity<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, as defined in this module? Give at least one example of solidarity that you have observed directly, and briefly explain how it affected you.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">How much time do you spend engaging with topics that don\u2019t affect you personally?\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">What issues have you been motivated by, and why?\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Were your actions on this issue(s) an example of acting in solidarity? Why or why not?<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n                    <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n            <\/article>\n\n\t\t\t\n            <article  class=\"is-style-default accordion__row site-panel__accordion-item \" role=\"tab\" aria-selected=\"false\" id=\"accordion-69dc71426dc7c-header-2\" aria-controls=\"accordion-69dc71426dc7c-content-2\">\n        \t\t<button\n\t\t\t\t\taria-expanded=\"false\"\n\t\t\t\t\tclass=\"is-style-default accordion__header site-panel__accordion-title clearfix\"\n\t\t\t\t\tdata-depth=\"0\"\n\t\t\t\t\tdata-index=\"2\"\n\t\t\t\t\tdata-name=\"title\"\n\t\t\t\t\tdata-livetext\n        \t\t>\n\t\t\t\t\t                    <span class=\"is-style-default accordion__header-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\tPower &amp; Solidarity (Before)\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n                <\/button>\n                <div\n\t\t\t\t\taria-labelledby=\"accordion-69dc71426dc7c-header-2\"\n\t\t\t\t\t class=\"is-style-default accordion__content site-panel__accordion-content context-content t-content \"\t\t\t\t\tid=\"accordion-69dc71426dc7c-content-2\"\n\t\t\t\t\trole=\"tabpanel\"\n\t\t\t\t\tdata-depth=\"0\"\n\t\t\t\t\tdata-index=\"2\"\n\t\t\t\t\tdata-autop=\"true\"\n\t\t\t\t\tdata-name=\"accordion_content\"\n\t\t\t\t\tdata-livetext\n                >\n\t\t\t\t\t                    <div class=\"is-style-default accordion__content-inner context-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">What are some areas in which you do, and don\u2019t, hold power because of your different identities and the ways that they intersect with each other? Refer to this <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/drive.google.com\/file\/d\/1w7yo6ljyS0pnvEO-BOrE7Aohmaa9n5Jf\/view\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Social Identity Wheel<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> to guide your reflection.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">How will your power and privilege change in the spaces you occupy and the people you engage with?\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li aria-level=\"2\">How can you help build a space of trust for people to share their lived experiences as it relates to your shared goals around relationship and community building?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n                    <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n            <\/article>\n\n\t\t\t\n            <article  class=\"is-style-default accordion__row site-panel__accordion-item \" role=\"tab\" aria-selected=\"false\" id=\"accordion-69dc71426dc7c-header-3\" aria-controls=\"accordion-69dc71426dc7c-content-3\">\n        \t\t<button\n\t\t\t\t\taria-expanded=\"false\"\n\t\t\t\t\tclass=\"is-style-default accordion__header site-panel__accordion-title clearfix\"\n\t\t\t\t\tdata-depth=\"0\"\n\t\t\t\t\tdata-index=\"3\"\n\t\t\t\t\tdata-name=\"title\"\n\t\t\t\t\tdata-livetext\n        \t\t>\n\t\t\t\t\t                    <span class=\"is-style-default accordion__header-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\tAnticipated Solidarity Actions (Before)\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n                <\/button>\n                <div\n\t\t\t\t\taria-labelledby=\"accordion-69dc71426dc7c-header-3\"\n\t\t\t\t\t class=\"is-style-default accordion__content site-panel__accordion-content context-content t-content \"\t\t\t\t\tid=\"accordion-69dc71426dc7c-content-3\"\n\t\t\t\t\trole=\"tabpanel\"\n\t\t\t\t\tdata-depth=\"0\"\n\t\t\t\t\tdata-index=\"3\"\n\t\t\t\t\tdata-autop=\"true\"\n\t\t\t\t\tdata-name=\"accordion_content\"\n\t\t\t\t\tdata-livetext\n                >\n\t\t\t\t\t                    <div class=\"is-style-default accordion__content-inner context-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">How can you practice empathetic listening to center community priorities and the stories of others within your work?\u00a0 <\/span>What are some other ways you give and make time for others to tell their story?<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">When discussing privileges, how can you work to make sure that you don\u2019t perpetuate negative experiences that others (peers, partners) may have of you based on your (perceived or real) power differentials?<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">How will you respond if you do commit a microaggression or are told that you have harmed someone else?<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">How do you respond when someone questions your experiences, and what does your anticipated response tell you and others about the power and privilege you hold?<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">What can you learn from other people\u2019s experiences when they have felt unsafe and work to address systemic barriers to safety and well-being?<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">When we know we have limited time in any one place or in any one relationship (i.e., like four years on a college campus, or a single semester abroad), how do we act in solidarity in the most ethical and responsible way? <\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n                    <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n            <\/article>\n\n\t\t\t\n            <article  class=\"is-style-default accordion__row site-panel__accordion-item \" role=\"tab\" aria-selected=\"false\" id=\"accordion-69dc71426dc7c-header-4\" aria-controls=\"accordion-69dc71426dc7c-content-4\">\n        \t\t<button\n\t\t\t\t\taria-expanded=\"false\"\n\t\t\t\t\tclass=\"is-style-default accordion__header site-panel__accordion-title clearfix\"\n\t\t\t\t\tdata-depth=\"0\"\n\t\t\t\t\tdata-index=\"4\"\n\t\t\t\t\tdata-name=\"title\"\n\t\t\t\t\tdata-livetext\n        \t\t>\n\t\t\t\t\t                    <span class=\"is-style-default accordion__header-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\tYour Initial Expectations Compared to Your Experience (During and After)\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n                <\/button>\n                <div\n\t\t\t\t\taria-labelledby=\"accordion-69dc71426dc7c-header-4\"\n\t\t\t\t\t class=\"is-style-default accordion__content site-panel__accordion-content context-content t-content \"\t\t\t\t\tid=\"accordion-69dc71426dc7c-content-4\"\n\t\t\t\t\trole=\"tabpanel\"\n\t\t\t\t\tdata-depth=\"0\"\n\t\t\t\t\tdata-index=\"4\"\n\t\t\t\t\tdata-autop=\"true\"\n\t\t\t\t\tdata-name=\"accordion_content\"\n\t\t\t\t\tdata-livetext\n                >\n\t\t\t\t\t                    <div class=\"is-style-default accordion__content-inner context-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Solidarity is generally thought of as the glue that holds society together, based on commitments to better include ALL people and groups in the pursuit of the common good, and in the spirit of universal humanity. Yet, the meaning of solidarity can become more complex and fraught after having had experience with it.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>How has your experience with solidarity in this class been different from your initial expectations or your previous experiences (academic, volunteer, or paid) with community engagement and solidarity efforts?\n<ul>\n<li>How have you been challenged emotionally, intellectually, and physically?<\/li>\n<li>Describe a specific situation that challenged being in solidarity with others. Why do you think it was challenging? What did you learn about the impact of social identities on community engagement?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>How does vocation <em>(Life on Purpose. For the Common Good)<\/em> play\u00a0a role in solidarity expression?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n                    <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n            <\/article>\n\n\t\t\t\n            <article  class=\"is-style-default accordion__row site-panel__accordion-item \" role=\"tab\" aria-selected=\"false\" id=\"accordion-69dc71426dc7c-header-5\" aria-controls=\"accordion-69dc71426dc7c-content-5\">\n        \t\t<button\n\t\t\t\t\taria-expanded=\"false\"\n\t\t\t\t\tclass=\"is-style-default accordion__header site-panel__accordion-title clearfix\"\n\t\t\t\t\tdata-depth=\"0\"\n\t\t\t\t\tdata-index=\"5\"\n\t\t\t\t\tdata-name=\"title\"\n\t\t\t\t\tdata-livetext\n        \t\t>\n\t\t\t\t\t                    <span class=\"is-style-default accordion__header-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\tWorking Definitions of Solidarity in Practice (During and After)\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n                <\/button>\n                <div\n\t\t\t\t\taria-labelledby=\"accordion-69dc71426dc7c-header-5\"\n\t\t\t\t\t class=\"is-style-default accordion__content site-panel__accordion-content context-content t-content \"\t\t\t\t\tid=\"accordion-69dc71426dc7c-content-5\"\n\t\t\t\t\trole=\"tabpanel\"\n\t\t\t\t\tdata-depth=\"0\"\n\t\t\t\t\tdata-index=\"5\"\n\t\t\t\t\tdata-autop=\"true\"\n\t\t\t\t\tdata-name=\"accordion_content\"\n\t\t\t\t\tdata-livetext\n                >\n\t\t\t\t\t                    <div class=\"is-style-default accordion__content-inner context-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Consider the following questions about what solidarity means to you based on your experience. Try to come up with specific examples from your experience that inform your response.<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">What does acting in solidarity mean to you? How is solidarity different from charity?\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Solidarity is not a feeling or belief; it is an action that requires an investment of time, resources, humility, and relationships. Do you agree or disagree? Why?\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Solidarity is not something you can achieve, it\u2019s something you continually practice. Do you agree or disagree? Why?\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">How might positionality and a person\u2019s explicit or complicit role in systems of power affect who is responsible for shouldering the effort of solidarity? <\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\">When you are practicing being in solidarity, can it be with a group of people, or an issue\/effort, or both? In other words, does being in solidarity have to be based on relationships between people? And if so, how can we frame global solidarity around relationship building? Can you be in solidarity with people who are not in proximity (physical, intellectual, emotional, or spiritual) with you?<\/li>\n<li aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">What are potential downfalls or negative results (social, political, etc.) of solidarity? <\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n                    <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n            <\/article>\n\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t<\/div>\n\n\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\n\n\n\t\t\t<div\n\t\t\tclass=\"site-section site-panel__tabs panel panel-tabs site-section__bg--normal\"\n\t\t\tdata-depth=\"\"\n\t\t\tdata-js-panel=\"tabs\"\n\t\t>\n\t\n\t\t<div class=\"site-section__inner\" data-js=\"tabs\">\n\n\t\n\t\t\t<header class=\"l-wrapper site-section__header site-section__title h3\">\n\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"site-section__title h3\" id=\"case-studies\" data-name=\"title\" data-livetext data-depth=\"0\" data-index=\"0\">Case Studies<\/h2>\n\n\t\t<\/header>\n\t\n\n\t\t\t\t<ul class=\"site-panel__tablist\" data-js=\"tab-list\" role=\"tablist\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"site-panel__tab-item\" role=\"presentation\" data-js=\"tab-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<button\n\t\t\t\t\t\tclass=\"site-panel__tab-btn site-panel__tab-btn--active\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\tdata-js=\"site-panel__tab\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\tdata-target=\"site-panel__tab-content-1\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\trole=\"tab\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\taria-controls=\"site-panel__tab-content-1\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\taria-selected=\"false\"\n\t\t\t\t\t>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"u-visual-hide\">Show<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tSolidarity Frameworks\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"u-visual-hide\">Content<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"site-panel__tab-item\" role=\"presentation\" data-js=\"tab-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<button\n\t\t\t\t\t\tclass=\"site-panel__tab-btn  \"\n\t\t\t\t\t\tdata-js=\"site-panel__tab\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\tdata-target=\"site-panel__tab-content-2\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\trole=\"tab\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\taria-controls=\"site-panel__tab-content-2\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\taria-selected=\"false\"\n\t\t\t\t\t>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"u-visual-hide\">Show<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tLocal Case Study 1\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"u-visual-hide\">Content<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"site-panel__tab-item\" role=\"presentation\" data-js=\"tab-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<button\n\t\t\t\t\t\tclass=\"site-panel__tab-btn  \"\n\t\t\t\t\t\tdata-js=\"site-panel__tab\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\tdata-target=\"site-panel__tab-content-3\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\trole=\"tab\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\taria-controls=\"site-panel__tab-content-3\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\taria-selected=\"false\"\n\t\t\t\t\t>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"u-visual-hide\">Show<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tLocal Case Study 2\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"u-visual-hide\">Content<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"site-panel__tab-item\" role=\"presentation\" data-js=\"tab-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<button\n\t\t\t\t\t\tclass=\"site-panel__tab-btn  \"\n\t\t\t\t\t\tdata-js=\"site-panel__tab\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\tdata-target=\"site-panel__tab-content-4\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\trole=\"tab\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\taria-controls=\"site-panel__tab-content-4\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\taria-selected=\"false\"\n\t\t\t\t\t>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"u-visual-hide\">Show<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tGlobal Case Study\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"u-visual-hide\">Content<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"site-panel__tab-content-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"site-panel__tab-content-1\" class=\"site-panel__tab-content site-panel__tab-content--active\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<article class=\"panel panel-child panel--type-wysiwyg\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"site-section site-panel__wysiwyg panel panel-wysiwyg site-section__bg--default\" data-depth=\"1\" data-js-panel=\"wysiwyg\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"site-section__inner l-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"site-section__content \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"site-grid site-grid__wrapper site-grid__wrapper-stagger\" data-depth=\"0\" data-name=\"columns\" data-livetext>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"site-grid__col\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"site-panel__wysiwyg-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"t-content  site-section \" data-depth=\"0\" data-index=\"0\" data-autop=\"true\" data-name=\"column_content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">As you read through the case studies, you might also consider one or more of these frameworks for interpreting solidarity, its practices, and manifestations in real-world situations. Most scholars agree that context matters! Here are a few frameworks to consider as you evaluate situations of solidarity.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Altruistic vs. Cooperative Solidarity<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: Althammer outlines the following \u201cTaxonomy of Solidarity\u201d that places solidarity within two large categories: either as altruistic or cooperative in specific or abstract circumstances.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<table style=\"border-color: #000000; background-color: #d4d2d2;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"background-color: #999797; border-color: #000000;\">\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" colspan=\"3\"><b>Taxonomy of Solidarity (Althammer)<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"border-color: #000000; background-color: #dedcdc;\">\n<td><b>Mode of Social Interaction<\/b><\/td>\n<td><b>Example<\/b><\/td>\n<td><b>Considerations<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"border-color: #000000; background-color: #dedcdc;\">\n<td rowspan=\"2\"><b>Cooperative Solidarity\u00a0<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(Reciprocal)<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\"><b>Specific example: Cooperative Solidarity<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Unions, pressure groups, mutual insurance associations<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">How can labor-based solidarity efforts, for instance, take into account members\u2019 intersectional identities?<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"border-color: #000000; background-color: #dedcdc;\">\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\"><b>Abstract example: Antagonistic Solidarity<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Non-homogeneous private goods, credence goods (markets)<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">How might we acknowledge tension within cooperative situations between competing interests, such as employer-employee relationships?<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"border-color: #000000; background-color: #dedcdc;\">\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\" rowspan=\"2\"><b>Altruistic Solidarity<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(Unidirectional)<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\"><b>Specific example: Altruistic Solidarity<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Gifts, Alms (Family, Private Charity Organizations)<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Who decides what the \u201cgift\u201d is? How does the giver know that it is needed?<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"border-color: #000000; background-color: #dedcdc;\">\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\"><b>Abstract example: Political Solidarity<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Public goods (National and Transnational Welfare State, UN Sustainable Development Goals)<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">How do you actually get nation-states to work together to align goals and equitable distribution of resources?<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Situated Solidarity<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: Houston and Lange argue for a need for \u201csituated solidarity\u201d in local and global engagement that \u201cemphasizes that solidarity efforts must be sensitive to context because solidarity is not homogenous in form or expression\u201d (45). They take a geographical\/spatial approach to their framework as they consider the following three components to situated solidarity:<\/span><\/p>\n<table style=\"border-color: #000000; background-color: #d4d2d2;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"border-color: #000000; background-color: #999797;\">\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" colspan=\"2\"><b>Situated Solidarity (Houston and Lange)<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"background-color: #dedcdc; border-color: #000000;\">\n<td><b>Mode of Social Interaction<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\"><b>Example<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"background-color: #dedcdc; border-color: #000000;\">\n<td><b>Contour Lines<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Investigate \u201cpoints of commonality and distinctness\u201d among community engaged experience \u201cin more than one location\u201d and that asks participants to \u201ccritically examine their roles and interactions in and through different sites.\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Different communities have parallel experiences of colonialism and land stewardship practices which take different forms in each of those communities (47)<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"border-color: #000000; background-color: #dedcdc;\">\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\"><b>Co-labor<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Experientially working together with others that \u201cdisrupt normative hierarchies and structures that classrooms can help perpetuate\u201d (48).<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Students working alongside farmers to help pick vegetables for a community garden.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"border-color: #000000; background-color: #dedcdc;\">\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\"><b>Accompaniment<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A mindset built through \u201camplifying and accounting for a plurality of voices and understanding that a fuller understanding of a problem, idea, activity or vision emerges through this diversity\u201d (49).<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Working with community members to crafting a space for intentional dialogue around land use practices between conventional agriculture and regenerative farmers.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Reflective Solidarity<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: Feminist political theorist Jodi Dean\u2019s concept of \u201creflective solidarity\u201d argues for a third path for solidarity that seeks to \u201cbridge the gap between \u2018identity and universality\u2019,\u201d to create a \u201cwe without labels\u201d (Althammer, 12).<\/span><\/p>\n<table style=\"background-color: #dedcdc; border-color: #000000;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"border-color: #000000; background-color: #999797;\">\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000; text-align: center;\" colspan=\"2\"><b>Reflective Solidarity (Dean)<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"border-color: #000000;\">\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\"><b>Discourse and Dialogue<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A back and forth among those wishing to be in solidarity together. Dean acknowledges that this discourse is often uncomfortable, fraught, and risky, particularly as it attends attention to history, power differentials, and ongoing questions of exclusion. Ultimately, the discourse and its risks remain worth the effort, as \u201cby turning our attention away from ourselves and toward our interconnections, we reconceive our differences as opportunities, as perspectives and talents that give us new understandings of the relations of power in some peoples\u2019 lives as well as new ways to combat and resist them\u201d (Dean 1997, 7).<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000; vertical-align: top;\"><b>Accountability<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The active discussion and discernment of the shared goals works to create a coalition, but also illuminates gaps in thinking and perspectives. Who\u2019s at the table? Who isn\u2019t? Who wasn\u2019t thought to be invited? Who has dominated the air time of the discussion? Who hasn\u2019t been able to get a word in? Discussion \u201cenables us to take responsibility for how we learn to see, making us account for exclusions and omissions even when, in fact especially when, they appear inevitable or unavoidable\u201d (Dean, 1997, 24).<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .site-grid__col -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .site-grid, .site-grid__wrapper -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .site-section__content -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><!--.site-section__inner -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .site-section -->\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/article>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"site-panel__tab-content-2\" class=\"site-panel__tab-content  \" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<article class=\"panel panel-child panel--type-wysiwyg\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"site-section site-panel__wysiwyg panel panel-wysiwyg site-section__bg--default\" data-depth=\"1\" data-js-panel=\"wysiwyg\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"site-section__inner l-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"site-section__content \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"site-grid site-grid__wrapper site-grid__wrapper-stagger\" data-depth=\"0\" data-name=\"columns\" data-livetext>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"site-grid__col\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"site-panel__wysiwyg-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"t-content  site-section \" data-depth=\"0\" data-index=\"0\" data-autop=\"true\" data-name=\"column_content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em>The following case study is based on an actual occurrence at St. Olaf, but some of the particulars have been changed. <\/em><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">As you read through the case study below, consider how the duration of the experience, the location, and the level of engagement may shape participation and affect relationships. Solidarity focuses on power and process and requires an intentional practice of building relationships grounded in trust around a shared goal or aspiration. The potential for building solidarity will vary according to phase, activity, purpose and the people involved.\u00a0<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A BIPOC student group, committed to supporting and advocating for BIPOC students on campus, identifies barriers to accessing a peer support program that they feel disproportionately affects BIPOC students. The barriers are based on their own experiences with the program, but also informal reports from their peers. All members of the group have varying experience attending this peer support program (some attend more frequently than others, some have more positive\/negative than others), and one is a peer support leader themselves.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The group contacts the peer support coordinator (a white cis woman who is new to the college, and who has a master\u2019s degree in education) to share their concerns. They set up an in-person meeting with the student group and peer support coordinator to discuss. In addition to identifying what works and what doesn&#8217;t, in their point of view, they make specific requests for policy changes that would create more equitable access.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The requests include:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Creating a standardized system for establishing expectations at the beginning of each semester that is communicated with faculty and students.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Developing in-person bias and inclusivity training to replace the asynchronous virtual bias training currently offered to peer support leaders, ideally led by BIPOC students and\/or staff. The training should include interpersonal skills (using students\u2019 names) and instructional skills (leading inclusive discussions, reaching out specifically to students who are struggling, using flexible lesson plans to adapt to student needs).<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Offering individual peer support for students who are not comfortable working in a group setting.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">While the changes benefit BIPOC students, the peer support coordinator recognizes that ALL students will benefit from the changes, fitting in with best practices for Universal Design for Learning. The peer support coordinator reviews the requests and, over the course of the next year, implements the suggested changes.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In addition to making the requested changes, she creates an assessment plan on her own to measure the impact of those changes, and reports the results back to the student team after the assessment has been completed. Though the group doesn\u2019t bring up representation amongst student peer support staff, the coordinator also revises recruitment policies to increase access for BIPOC students to serve as peer support leaders, because she feels that diversifying her staff will also be helpful for the program. During the next hiring cycle, she begins requesting recommendations from faculty of students with strong interpersonal skills (in addition to knowledge in a certain content area), revisiting the minimum grade\/GPA requirement to apply, and advertising the peer support role to BIPOC faculty, staff, and student groups.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Reflection questions<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">:<\/span><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">How is this coordinator acting in solidarity with these students, or not? What ways could this situation have gone better?\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">What assumptions did the coordinator make in interpreting their concerns and potential action steps, particularly in terms of the assessment and recruiting changes that the group did not specifically request?\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">How might the coordinator create a practice that invites ongoing support and solidarity, rather than this one-time exchange?<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">How might your responses to the previous questions change if the student group included non-BIPOC accomplices?\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li aria-level=\"1\">How does your own positionality and experiences with solidarity impact your understanding and interpretation of the situation?<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .site-grid__col -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .site-grid, .site-grid__wrapper -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .site-section__content -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><!--.site-section__inner -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .site-section -->\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/article>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"site-panel__tab-content-3\" class=\"site-panel__tab-content  \" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<article class=\"panel panel-child panel--type-wysiwyg\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"site-section site-panel__wysiwyg panel panel-wysiwyg site-section__bg--default\" data-depth=\"1\" data-js-panel=\"wysiwyg\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"site-section__inner l-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"site-section__content \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"site-grid site-grid__wrapper site-grid__wrapper-stagger\" data-depth=\"0\" data-name=\"columns\" data-livetext>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"site-grid__col\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"site-panel__wysiwyg-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"t-content  site-section \" data-depth=\"0\" data-index=\"0\" data-autop=\"true\" data-name=\"column_content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><em>The following case study is based on an amalgamation of several actual occurrences at St. Olaf, but some of the particulars have been changed. <\/em>As you read through the case study below, consider how the duration of the experience, the location, and the level of engagement may shape participation and affect relationships with community partners. Solidarity focuses on power and process and requires an intentional practice of building relationships grounded in trust around a shared goal or aspiration. The potential for building solidarity will vary according to phase, activity, purpose and the people involved.\u00a0<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">As part of a student\u2019s financial aid package, they may qualify to work off-campus in one of many paid Community Based Work Study (CBWS) positions. CBWS is an example of partnership between institutions of higher education and area nonprofits serving the public interest.\u00a0 Organizations benefit from the energy and dedication of college students, and the students gain valuable hands-on experience while serving the needs of the local community. CBWS positions are funded in unison by federal, state, university, and organizational dollars, and demonstrate an enduring and mutually beneficial community connection.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The local non-profit organization Neighbors in Hope (NIH) has offered CBWS positions to local college students for the past 7 years in their food and clothing resource programs; in addition, they regularly partner with the college in a number of different ways, including serving on the college\u2019s community advisory council, hosting interns, and co-creating projects for community-engaged courses. NIH relies on the student workers to accomplish their mission of meeting the basic needs of the community and has developed practices to make the work study placement educational, enjoyable, and sustainable. At present, a 3rd year student majoring in Spanish and Religion has been approved for a second semester at NIH in the role of Bilingual Support Assistant. Their first semester in this role went well, and the student is getting more confident with the practices and policies of the organization. The agreement to extend the CBWS placement was based on increasing the time commitment to 10 hrs\/wk, plus providing Spanish-language support at an upcoming community-wide Winter Weather Clothing Swap event that falls during a break in the academic calendar. The student has really enjoyed their placement and readily agrees with terms of a second semester.\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A week before the Winter Weather Clothing Swap event, the student informs the site lead they will no longer be able to help out because they just accepted a last minute invitation to attend a national research symposium in Ohio with their Youth in Leadership Club. The symposium will be featuring the latest research findings regarding the integration of Latinx culture and religious practices into youth outreach efforts, which is exactly what this student is passionate about and believes it would be pivotal in their academic development. In CBWS, it\u2019s understood that academics come first, and the site coordinator has been flexible with this student in the past to accommodate coverage when they requested time off to work on an assignment and when they needed to miss a shift for a group project. But this time, the team is counting on the student, particularly because they have developed trusted relationships with participants and had been encouraging clients to attend the event with assurance that there would be plenty of Spanish-language support available to assist them in selecting winter gear. When asked to reconsider, the student said they understand that there won\u2019t be enough translators which means those families will have to wait extended times and might not get the winter gear they need but they\u2019ll still get something. Later that day, the student was overheard talking to a fellow CBWS student on-site, saying, \u201cWhat\u2019s the big deal? I\u2019m much more interested in a symposium than a clothing swap anyway.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n<p>The NIH Program Director then sends the email below to the College Coordinator.<\/p>\n<p><em><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Good afternoon Work Study Coordinator,\u00a0<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n<p><em><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">We haven\u2019t connected since the beginning of the semester but I wanted to reach out and get your insights into a dilemma we\u2019re experiencing. One of our current students has just informed us that they\u2019ll no longer be able to attend the Winter Weather Clothing Swap next week, which is one of our largest community events; and as you may recall, included in their agreement to be rehired. On average we serve about 500 local families at this event and it\u2019s imperative that it runs smoothly. NIH will figure out how to fully staff the event, but I\u2019m concerned this student is not considering the long-term impact on themselves, the community, and potentially even our partnership in CBWS.\u00a0<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n<p><em><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">I know everyone is doing their best and we all want this partnership to work, but this situation is deeply disappointing and frustrating for the NIH team. I\u2019d like to talk about how we can make sure our priorities are in line to prevent this from happening in the future. With so much at stake, our first priority needs to be the health and well-being of the community. Can we find a time later this week to meet in person? I\u2019d really appreciate your support in finding ways to repair this harm and move forward in our collaborative partnership.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n<p><em><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Thank you ~ NIH Program Director<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n<p>Subsequently, the College Coordinator sends the following email to the student.<\/p>\n<p><em><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Dear student, I\u2019d like to meet with you as soon as possible regarding an email I received from your Community-Based Work Study site. Please make an appointment using my calendar link below. Thank you.\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&#8211; &#8211; &#8211;\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Reflection Questions<\/span><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">How are the players involved in this situation (student, NIH program director, college coordinator, clients) acting in solidarity with each other or not? What ways could this situation have gone better?\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In the context of solidarity, how might you respond to the concerns and conflicting priorities of this situation as a college coordinator?<\/span>\n<ol>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">As a community site coordinator?<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">As a CBWS student?\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">How does the influence of monetary transactions impact your ability to act in solidarity as an institute of higher education:<\/span>\n<ol>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">With local organizations?<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">With student workers?\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">If solidarity is something that takes action over time toward a shared goal, what considerations need to be taken into account regarding the interaction of people moving in and out of the relationship?<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .site-grid__col -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .site-grid, .site-grid__wrapper -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .site-section__content -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><!--.site-section__inner -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .site-section -->\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/article>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"site-panel__tab-content-4\" class=\"site-panel__tab-content  \" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<article class=\"panel panel-child panel--type-wysiwyg\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"site-section site-panel__wysiwyg panel panel-wysiwyg site-section__bg--default\" data-depth=\"1\" data-js-panel=\"wysiwyg\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"site-section__inner l-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"site-section__content \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"site-grid site-grid__wrapper site-grid__wrapper-stagger\" data-depth=\"0\" data-name=\"columns\" data-livetext>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"site-grid__col\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"site-panel__wysiwyg-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"t-content  site-section \" data-depth=\"0\" data-index=\"0\" data-autop=\"true\" data-name=\"column_content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">As you read through the case study below, consider how the duration of the experience, the location, and the level of engagement may shape participation and affect relationships with community partners. Solidarity focuses on power and process and requires an intentional practice of building relationships grounded in trust around a shared goal or aspiration. The potential for building solidarity will vary according to phase, activity, purpose and the people involved.\u00a0<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">St. Olaf has several faculty-led semester programs where courses are taught by resident instructors who are appointed by partner organizations. In addition to courses taught by partners, St. Olaf faculty design and teach a semester-length course to fulfill the OEP requirement under the new OLE core. St. Olaf is committed to partnering with organizations that have deep relationships with local experts and communities. One of St. Olaf\u2019s program partners in Southern Africa integrates classroom learning with speakers, activities, and site visits.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Students participating in a faculty-led semester program are in-country for five weeks, attending a Social and Political Change in Southern Africa course taught by St. Olaf\u2019s partner. The Academic Director and Site Director of the partner are both nationals and have deep ties with local organizations, academics, and civic leaders. The course is experiential in nature; site visits to NGOs and government offices as well as hosted speakers are integral to the learning objectives, and reflections are integrated to tie together themes and learning and to unpack experiences and impressions. Topics are weighty: genocide, poverty, gender violence, and colonialism. Students also meet with local organizers, educators, and civic leaders bringing about positive change. They are engaged and curious and are committed to grappling with difficult content.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">While there, students struggle with what they perceive to be inaction of the group. A recent global event that negatively implicates the United States\u2019 foreign policy practices has deeply impacted the group and they feel galvanized towards engaging more directly and actively. They are eager to be more involved or find ways to support the local organizations they have visited and ask their faculty and partners for opportunities to meet with people to learn more. To their St. Olaf faculty and each other, they voice concerns about being observers to the challenges faced by people rather than directly engaging.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Reflective Questions:\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">How is solidarity showing up in this situation?\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">How might you respond to these requests and concerns from students<\/span>\n<ol>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">As a faculty member?<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">As a community partner?\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">How does your positionality as a temporary visitor affect your ability to be in solidarity<\/span>\n<ol>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">with local organizations?<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">your hosts?\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Can you say you are in solidarity with someone who does not want to be (or is not aware that they are) in solidarity with you?\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Can you claim solidarity if you are not in communication with the people we are supposedly in solidarity with?<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">If proximity to location is not possible for practicing solidarity, what are other ways in which the group might find opportunities to be in solidarity?<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .site-grid__col -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .site-grid, .site-grid__wrapper -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .site-section__content -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><!--.site-section__inner -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .site-section 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